英语流利说 Level8 Unit3 Part1 ：Evolving Our Bodies
Juan Enriquez: What will humans look like in 100 years?
TEDSummit • 15:45 • Posted November 2016
What will humans look like in 100 years?
100年后人类会是什么样子
L8-U3-P1: Evolving Our Bodies 1
1
Here's a question that matters.
有个很重要的问题。
2
Right? Because we're beginning to get all the tools together to evolve ourselves.
对吗？因为我们开始收集所有的工具去进化我们自身。
3
And we can evolve bacteria and we can evolve plants and we can evolve animals,
我们能进化细菌，我们能进化植物，我们能进化动物，
4
and we're now reaching a point where we really have to ask, is it really ethical and do we want to evolve human beings?
现在我们到了一个临界点，我们需要去问：进化人类真的是道德的并且是我们需要的吗？
5
And as you're thinking about that, let me talk about that in the context of prosthetics, prosthetics past, present, future.
当你在思考这些时，让我站在修复学的角度来谈谈关于假肢的前生今世和未来。
prosthetics n. [外科] 修复学，修补学；弥补术；假肢
6
So this is the iron hand that belonged to one of the German counts.
这是一个机械手，它是一个德国伯爵的。
count有伯爵的意思。
7
Loved to fight, lost his arm in one of these battles.
他喜欢战斗，在他的一场战斗中失去了一只手臂。
8
No problem, he just made a suit of armor, put it on, perfect prosthetic.
好吧，他就是做了套盔甲，然后穿上它，嗯，这假肢还不错。
9
That's where the concept of ruling with an iron fist comes from.
这就是铁腕统治概念的由来。
rule with 用……方式管理
eg：This country is ruled with all the people.
10
And of course these prosthetics have been getting more and more useful, more and more modern. You can hold soft-boiled eggs.
当然，这些假肢变得越来越由泳，越来越现代化。你可以握住半熟的鸡蛋。
soft-boiled adj. 半熟的；溏心的
11
You can have all types of controls, and as you're thinking about that,
你能有许多种控制方法，当你思考这些时，
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there are wonderful people like Hugh Herr who have been building absolutely extraordinary prosthetics.
像Hugh Herr的奇人一直在打造非常特别的假肢。
13
So the wonderful Aimee Mullins will go out and say, how tall do I want to be tonight?
了不起的Aimee Mullins就会说：“我今晚想要个什么身高呢？”
Aimee Mullins和上一句中的Gugh Herr都有过TED Talk
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Or he will say what type of cliff do I want to climb?
或者他会说：“我要爬什么样的悬崖峭壁呢？”
15
Or does somebody want to run a marathon, or does somebody want to ballroom dance?
或者某人想要跑个马拉松，或跳段交际舞？
ballroom dance 舞厅舞；社交舞
16
And as you adapt these things, the interesting thing about prosthetics is they've been coming inside the body.
当你适应这些时，关于假肢的有趣的事就是它们正在进入身体。
17
So these external prosthetics have now become artificial knees. They've become artificial hips.
所以那些体外的假肢现在变成了人工膝盖、人工髋关节。
18
And then they've evolved further to become not just nice to have but essential to have.
它们更进一步变得不仅更好而且更必需。
19
So when you're talking about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,
所以当你谈到把一个心脏起搏器作为一个假肢时，
20
you're talking about something that isn't just, " I'm missing my leg," it's, "if I don't have this, I can die."
你不仅仅是在说：“我腿没了，”更是在说：“如果我没了这个，我就要死了”
21
And at that point, a prosthetic becomes a symbiotic relationship with the human body.
在这一点上，一个假肢变得与人类相互依存。
symbiotic adj. [生态] 共生的；共栖的
L8-U3-P1: Evolving Our Bodies 2
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And four of the smartest people that I've ever met -- Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander -- are working on a Center for Extreme Bionics.
我所见过的4位最聪明的人-- Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander -- 他们正在一个极端仿生学中心工作。
23
And the interesting thing of what you're seeing here is these prosthetics now get integrated into the bone. They get integrated into the skin. They get integrated into the muscle.
你能在这看见的有趣的事情是那些假肢接入骨骼。接入皮肤。接入肌肉。
24
And one of the other sides of Ed is he's been thinking about how to connect the brain using light or other mechanisms directly to things like these prosthetics.
Ed其中的一方面就在思考如何使用光线或其它机制使得大脑与物品相连，就像假肢一样。
25
And if you can do that, then you can begin changing fundamental aspects of humanity.
如果你能做到这个，那么你就可以开始改变整个的人类物种。
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So how quickly you react to something depends on the diameter of a nerve.
你对某事反应有多快取决于神经的直径。
27
And of course, if you have nerves that are external or prosthetic, say with light or liquid metal,
当然，如果你有体外的或假神经，比如是用轻质的或液态金属，
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then you can increase that diameter and you could even increase it theoretically to the point where,
那么你就可以增加神经直径，你甚至能理论上无限增大它，
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as long as you could see the muzzle flash, you could step out of the way of a bullet.
直到当你看见枪口闪光，就能躲开子弹。
muzzle n. 枪口，炮口；口套，口络；动物的鼻口
30
Those are the order of magnitude of changes you're talking about.
这就是你所说的变化的数量级。
31
This is a fourth sort of level of prosthetics. These are Phonak hearing aids,
这是4号级别的假肢。这些是峰力助听器，
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and the reason why these are so interesting is because they cross the threshold from where prosthetics are something for somebody who is "disabled"
这些东西非常有趣的原因是，它们跨越了假肢只属于“残疾人”的门槛
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and they become something that somebody who is "normal" might want to actually have,
它们变成了“正常人”也可能想要拥有的东西，
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because what this prosthetic does, which is really interesting, is not only does it help you hear,
因为非常有趣的是，假肢不只是能给你助听，
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you can focus your hearing, so it can hear the conversation going on over there.
你可以集中精力去听，这样它就能听到在那边进行的谈话。
36
You can have super hearing. You can have hearing in 360 degrees. You can have white noise. You can record, and oh, by the way, they also put a phone into this.
你可以拥有超级听力。你可以拥有360°听力。你可以听见白噪音。你可以录音，顺便提一下，它们还承载了一个手机。
把iphone整合到airpods里面的感觉
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So this functions as your hearing aid and also as your phone.
所以它既可以为你助听，也可以成为你的电话。
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And at that point, somebody might actually want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.
在这点上，有些人可能会自愿地想要一个假肢。
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All of these thousands of loosely connected little pieces are coming together,
那些成千上万个松散连接的小玩意联合在一起出现，
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and it's about time we ask the question, how do we want to evolve human beings over the next century or two?
是时候问出这个问题了：在接下来的一两个世纪，我们想怎样进化人类？
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And for that we turn to a great philosopher
说到这个我们需要提到一个伟大的哲学家
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who was a very smart man despite being a Yankee fan.
他是一个非常聪明的男人，尽管是个洋基队的粉丝。
Yankee在这里有点贬义的意思，可以想象下某人说自己是国足的粉丝。
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And Yogi Berra used to say, of course, that it's very tough to make predictions, especially about the future.
Yogi Berra曾说，做预测很难，尤其是关于未来的。
44
So instead of making a prediction about the future to begin with, let's take what's happening in the present with people like Tony Atala,
所以我们先不预测未来，让我们看看现在发生的事情，比如托尼·阿塔拉，
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who is redesigning 30-some-odd organs.
他在重新设计30多个器官。
30-some-odd 30多
eg：There are 50-some-odd people.
46
And maybe the ultimate prosthetic isn't having something external, titanium. Maybe the ultimate prosthetic is take your own gene code,
或许终极假肢不是一些用钛金属做在体外的。也许这个终极假肢被设置在你自己的基因编码中，
titanium n. [化学] 钛（金属元素）
47
remake your own body parts, because that's a whole lot more effective than any kind of a prosthetic.
重做你自己的身体部分，因为这远比任何一个假肢都更有效。
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But while you're at it, then you can take the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith.
这样，你就可以做Craig Venter和Ham Smith的工作了。
while you're at it 当你这么做的时候；当事情变成这样的时候
Craig Venter和Ham Smith都是生物学家。
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And one of the things that we've been doing is trying to figure out how to reprogram cells.
其中有一件我们一直在做的事就是试图去搞清楚如何重新编码细胞。
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And if you can reprogram a cell, then you can change the cells in those organs.
如果你能重新编码一个细胞，那么你就可以那些器官中的细胞。
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So if you can change the cells in those organs, maybe you make those organs more radiation-resistant. Maybe you make them absorb more oxygen. Maybe you make them more efficient to filter out stuff that you don't want in your body.
所以如果你能改变那些器官中的细胞，或许你可以使得那些器官更加抗辐射。吸收更多的氧气。更有效地过滤掉你不想要的东西。
52
And over the last few weeks, George Church has been in the news a lot
在过去几周，George Church常出现在新闻中
53
because he's been talking about taking one of these programmable cells and inserting an entire human genome into that cell.
因为他一直在说，取走其中的一个可编码细胞，然后在那个细胞中植入一个完整的人类基因组。
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And once you can insert an entire human genome into a cell, then you begin to ask the question, would you want to enhance any of that genome?
一旦你可以把一个完整的人类基因组植入到一个细胞中，那么你就会问到这个问题：你想要强化其中的任意基因组吗？
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Do you want to enhance a human body?
你想要强化一个人类身体吗？
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How would you want to enhance a human body?
你想要怎么去强化一个人类身体？
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Where is it ethical to enhance a human body and where is it not ethical to enhance a human body?
强化人类身体的道德基准在哪？
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And all of a sudden, what we're doing is we've got this multidimensional chess board
突然一下，我们正在做的是仿佛得到了一个多维棋盘
59
where we can change human genetics by using viruses to attack things like AIDS,
我们可以通过病毒攻击艾滋病来改变人类基因，
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or we can change the gene code through gene therapy to do away with some hereditary diseases, or we can change the environment,
或者我们可以通过基因实验来改变基因编码去消除一些遗传性疾病，或者我们可以改变环境，
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and change the expression of those genes in the epigenome and pass that on to the next generations.
在表观基因组中改变那些基因的表达，并带到下一代中。
epigenome 表观基因组
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And all of a sudden, it's not just one little bit, it's all these stacked little bits
然后突然一下，这改变的不是一点点，而是一堆堆
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that allow you to take little portions of it until all the portions coming together lead you to something that's very different.
这样一个变化让你每次攫取一部分，直到所有的部分汇聚到一起，使得你变得大不一样。
L8-U3-P1: Evolving Our Bodies 3
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And a lot of people are very scared by this stuff.
很多人很恐惧这个。
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And it does sound scary, and there are risks to this stuff.
这听起来确实恐怖，这玩意也有风险。
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So why in the world would you ever want to do this stuff?
为啥你就想要做这个呢？
in the word 到底
eg：Why in the world would you want to buy a car?
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Why would we really want to alter the human body in a fundamental way?
为什么我们很想从根本上改造人类呢？
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The answer lies in part with Lord Rees, astronomer royal of Great Britain.
部分答案在英国的皇家天文学家——Lord Rees身上。
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And one of his favorite sayings is the universe is 100% malevolent.
他最喜欢的话是：宇宙是100%恶毒的。
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So what does that mean? It means if you take any one of your bodies at random, drop it anywhere in the universe, drop it in space, you die.
啥意思？这意思是如果把你身体中的任意一部分扔到宇宙，扔到太空中，你就死了。
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Drop it on the Sun, you die. Drop it on the surface of Mercury, you die. Drop it near a supernova, you die.
把它扔到太阳上，你死了。扔到水星表面，你死了。扔到超新星附近，你还是死。
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But fortunately, it's only about 80 percent effective.
但幸运的是，这句话只有80%正确。
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So as a great physicist once said, there's these little upstream eddies of biology that create order in this rapid torrent of entropy.
就像一个伟大的物理学家曾说的，一少部分的高级生命创造了极速熵增的秩序。
torrent n. 奔流；倾注；迸发；连续不断；急流，激流；
entropy n. [热] 熵（热力学函数）
这里的upstream eddies of biology我觉得是指像外星人这种高级生命，他们的科技很发达，这些高级生命在发展的过程中会调动很大的资源，使得宇宙的无序度快速增加，也就是熵增。
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So as the universe dissipates energy, there's these upstream eddies that create biological order.
当宇宙消耗能量时，就是这些高级生命创造了生态秩序。
dissipate vt. 浪费；使…消散
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Now, the problem with eddies is, they tend to disappear. They shift. They move in rivers.
现在，这些高级生命的问题是，它们在渐渐消失。它们在变化。它们在星河中移动。
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And because of that, when an eddy shifts, when the Earth becomes a snowball, when the Earth becomes very hot, when the Earth gets hit by an asteroid,
因为这样，当一个高级生命转变时，当地球变成一个雪球，当地球变得很烫，当地球被一个小行星撞击，
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when you have super volcanoes, when you have solar flares,
当超级火山爆发时，当太阳耀斑爆发时，
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when you have potentially extinction-level events like the next election --
当有潜在的毁灭性事件时，比如下一次选举 --
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then all of a sudden, you can have periodic extinctions.
突然一下，就会出现周期性地灭绝。
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And by the way, that's happened 5 times on Earth,
顺便说下，这在地球上发生了5次，
地球上的5次大灭绝
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and therefore it is very likely that the human species on Earth is going to go extinct someday.
所以很可能地球上的人类某天会走向灭绝。
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Not next week, not next month, maybe in November, but maybe 10,000 years after that.
不是下周，不是下个月，或许在11月，但或许在1万年后。
2016年11月美国选举，当时竞争者是川普和希拉里。
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As you're thinking of the consequence of that,
当你思考这些东西的结果时，
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if you believe that extinctions are common and natural and normal and occur periodically,
如果你认为灭绝是普遍、自然、寻常并周期性发生的，
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it becomes a moral imperative to diversify our species.
多样化我们的物种在道德上就变得很必需了。
imperative adj. 必要的，不可避免的；
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And it becomes a moral imperative because
这在道德上很需要是因为
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it's going to be really hard to live on Mars if we don't fundamentally modify the human body. Right?
如果我们不从根本上更改人类，我们很难生活在火星上。对吗？
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You go from one cell, mom and dad coming together to make one cell, in a cascade to 10 trillion cells.
你从一个细胞，父母亲结合后的一个细胞，分裂成10万亿个。
意思就是从一个受精卵，长成一个人。
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We don't know, if you change the gravity substantially, if the same thing will happen to create your body.
我们不知道，如果你大幅度地改变重力，如果同样的事发生在你身上。
substantially adv. 实质上；大体上；充分地；大幅度地
这里的create没啥实际意思，删除也不影响。
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We do know that if you expose our bodies as they currently are to a lot of radiation, we will die.
我们知道，如果你把我们的身体像现在这样暴露在大量的辐射下，我们会死的。
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So as you're thinking of that, you have to really redesign things just to get to Mars.
所以当你思考这些时，你很需要重新设计些东西，而这只是为了去到火星上。
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Forget about the moons of Neptune or Jupiter.
更别说海王星或木星的卫星了。
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And to borrow from Nikolai Kardashev, let's think about life in a series of scales.
借用下Nikolai Kardashev的话，我们思考下生命的层级。
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So Life One civilization is a civilization that begins to alter his or her looks.
一级生命文明是一种开始改变他们自己的外观的文明。
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And we've been doing that for thousands of years.
我们这么做数千年了。
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You've got tummy tucks and you've got this and you've got that.
你做了腹部整形，然后还做了些其它的。
tummy n. 肚子；胃
tuck vt. 卷起；挤进；用某物舒适地裹住
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You alter your looks and I'm told that not all of those alterations take place for medical reasons.
你改变了你的外貌，而我知道并不是所有的那些改变都是为了医疗治病。
原本做手术可能是为了治病，现在很多只是想单纯的整容变美。
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Seems odd.
听上去挺怪的吧。
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A Life Two civilization is a different civilization.
二级生命文明是一个不同的文明。
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A Life Two civilization alters fundamental aspects of the body.
一个二级生命文明可以改变身体的基本特征。
101
So you put human growth hormone in, the person grows taller, or you put x in and the person gets fatter or loses metabolism or does a whole series of things,
所以你可以注射人类生长激素，使人长得更高，或者使用某种药物，这个人变得更胖或失去新陈代谢或者引发一系列问题，
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but you're altering the functions in a fundamental way.
但是你在彻底地改变机能。
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To become an intrasolar civilization, we're going to have to create a Life Three civilization,
要成为一个太阳系文明，我们就必须建立一个三级生命文明，
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and that looks very different from what we've got here.
那和现在的二级生命文明完全不同。
105
Maybe you splice in Deinococcus radiodurans so that the cells can resplice after a lot of exposure to radiation.
也许你被植入了一段耐辐射奇球菌，这样在大量暴露于辐射后，你的细胞可以再次拼接起来。
splice v. 捻接（绳子）；拼接，接合
Deinococcus radiodurans 耐辐射奇球菌
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Maybe you breathe by having oxygen flow through your blood instead of through your lungs.
也许你通过血液中的氧气来呼吸而不是通过肺部来吸收氧气呼吸。
107
But you're talking about really radical redesigns
但你说的是真正彻底的重新设计
radical adj. 激进的；根本的；彻底的
108
and one of the interesting things that's happened in the last decade is we've discovered a whole lot of planets out there.
在过去10年发生的一件很有趣的事是：我们在外面发了很多行星。
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And some of them may be Earth-like.
他们中的一些可能很类地行星。
110
The problem is, if we ever want to get to these planets, the fastest human objects
问题是，如果我们曾想抵达那些行星，最快的人类工具是
111
-- Juno and Voyager and the rest of this stuff -- take tens of thousands of years to get from here to the nearest solar system.
“朱诺号”和“旅行者号”以及其他的探测器，从这里到最近的恒星系需要数万年的时间。
112
So if you want to start exploring beaches somewhere else,
所以如果你想要开始探索外太空，
113
or you want to see two-sun sunsets, then you're talking about something that is very different,
或者你想要看双日落，那么我们在讨论的就是非同寻常的东西，
114
because you have to change the timescale and the body of humans in ways which may be absolutely unrecognizable.
因为你必须改变时间尺度和人类的身体，以一种完全超乎想象的方式。
115
And that's a Life Four civilization.
而这就是一个四级生命文明。
L8-U3-P1: Evolving Our Bodies 4
116
Now, we can't even begin to imagine what that might look like, but we're beginning to get glimpses of instruments that might take us even that far.
我们现在甚至无法去想象这会是什么样，但我们已经能够看到那我们带到那么远的工具了。
117
And let me give you 2 examples. So this is the wonderful Floyd Romesberg,
我给你举2个例子。这是了不起的Floyd Rosberg，
118
and one of the things that Floyd's been doing is he's been playing with the basic chemistry of life.
Floyd做的其中一件事是他一直在研究生命的基础化学。
119
So all life on this planet is made in ATCGs, the four letters of DNA.
这个星球上的所有生命都是由ATCG组成，DNA的4个结构单元。
120
All bacteria, all plants, all animals, all humans, all cows, everything else.
所有细菌，所有植物，所有动物，所有人类，所有的奶牛，所有的生物。
121
And what Floyd did is he changed out two of those base pairs, so it's ATXY.
Floyd所做的就是他更换了那些碱基对中的2个，也就是ATXY。
base pairs 碱基对
122
And that means that you now have a parallel system to make life, to make babies, to reproduce, to evolve,
这意味着你有一个制作生命的平行系统，去生孩子，繁殖，进化。
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that doesn't mate with most things on Earth or in fact maybe with nothing on Earth.
它不能和地球上的大多数生物交配，或者实际上可能是地球上的任何生物。
124
Maybe you make plants that are immune to all bacteria. Maybe you make plants that are immune to all viruses.
或许你制作出免疫所有细菌的植物。或许你制作出免疫所有病毒的植物。
125
But why is that so interesting? It means that we are not a unique solution.
为啥这这么有趣？这意味着我们不是唯一解。
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It means you can create alternate chemistries to us that could be chemistries adaptable to a very different planet that could create life and heredity.
这意味着你可以为我们创造出不同于我们的化学生物，这些化学生物可以适应一个完全不同的星球，可以创造生命和遗传。
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The second experiment, or the other implication of this experiment, is that all of you, all life is based on 20 amino acids.
第二个试验，或者是这个试验的其另一个应用，就是你们中的所有人，所有生命都基于20种氨基酸。
amino acids 氨基酸
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If you don't substitute two amino acids, if you don't say ATXY, if you say ATCG + XY, then you go from 20 building blocks to 172,
如果你不是替代2个氨基酸，如果你的不是ATXY，而是ATCG + XY，那么你就从20个构建模块到了172个，
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and all of a sudden you've got 172 building blocks of amino acids to build life-forms in very different shapes.
突然之间你得到了172个氨基酸构建模块去构造形状各异的生命形式。
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The second experiment to think about is a really weird experiment that's been taking place in China.
第二个试验可以说是一个非常奇怪的试验，它发生在中国。
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So this guy has been transplanting hundreds of mouse heads. Right?
这兄弟移植了成百上千个老鼠头，对吗？
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And why is that an interesting experiment?
为啥这是个有趣的试验呢？
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Well, think of the first heart transplants.
想一下第一例的心脏移植。
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One of the things they used to do is they used to bring in the wife or the daughter of the donor
他们过去常做的一件事是他们常常带来捐赠者的妻子或女儿
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so the donee could tell the doctors, "Do you recognize this person? Do you love this person? Do you feel anything for this person?"
所以这个受赠者会回答医生的问题：“你认识这个人吗，你爱这个人吗？你对这个人有什么感觉吗？”
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We laugh about that today.
在今天看来，这是个笑话。
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We laugh because we know the heart is a muscle, but for hundreds of thousands of years, or tens of thousands of years,
我们笑是因为我们知道心脏是肌肉，但是数十万年，或者数万年，
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"I gave her my heart. She took my heart. She broke my heart." We thought this was emotion
"我把我的心给了她。她勾走了我的心。她伤害了我的心。"我们认为心脏是情感的来源
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and we thought maybe emotions were transplanted with the heart. Nope.
我们认为或许情感会随着心脏而移植。不。
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So how about the brain? Two possible outcomes to this experiment.
那么大脑如何？这个试验有两个可能的结果。
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If you can get a mouse that is functional, then you can see, is the new brain a blank slate?
如果你能得到一个功能正常的老鼠，那么你可以看到，这个新脑是一片空白吗？
blank slate 空白状态
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And boy, does that have implications.
甚至，这个大脑一切正常吗?
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Second option: the new mouse recognizes Minnie Mouse.
第二种情况：这个新的老鼠记得自己的小情人。
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The new mouse remembers what it's afraid of, remembers how to navigate the maze,
这个新的老鼠记得它害怕什么，记得如何在迷宫中穿行，
maze n. 迷宫；迷惑；糊涂
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and if that is true, then you can transplant memory and consciousness.
如果这是正确的，那么你可以移植记忆和意识，
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And then the really interesting question is, if you can transplant this, is the only input-output mechanism this down here?
然后很有趣的问题是：如果你能移植这个，那么下半身唯一的输入-输出机制就是大脑了吗？
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Or could you transplant that consciousness into something that would be very different,
或者你能把意识移植在一些非常不同的东西上吗，
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that would last in space, that would last tens of thousands of years, that would be a completely redesigned body that could hold consciousness for a long, long period of time?
在太空中也能持续，它可以存在数万年，它会是一个完全重新设计的身体并长期保存意识？
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And let's come back to the first question: why would you ever want to do that?
让我们回到第一个问题：为啥你想要做这个？
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Well, I'll tell you why. Because this is the ultimate selfie.
我告诉你为什么。因为这是最终的人类自拍。
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This is taken from 6 billion miles away, and that's Earth.
这是从60亿英里外拍摄的，那是地球。
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And that's all of us. And if that little thing goes, all of humanity goes.
那是我们所有人，如果这个小不点没了，全人类就没了。
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And the reason why you want to alter the human body is because you eventually want a picture that says,
你想改变人体的原因是因为你最终想要一张图片，上面写着，
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that's us, and that's us, and that's us, because that's the way humanity survives long-term extinction.
那是我们，那里是我们，那里也是我们，因为这就是人类在长期灭绝种存活的方式。
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And that's the reason why it turns out it's actually unethical not to evolve the human body
这就是为什么不去进化人类是不道德的
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even though it can be scary, even though it can be challenging,
即使这会很可怕，即使这很有挑战，
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but it's what's going to allow us to explore, live, and get to places we can't even dream of today,
但就是这个使得我们去探索，去生活，去到我们今天甚至做梦都想不到的地方。
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but which our great-great-great-great- grandchildren might someday.
也许我们的曾曾曾曾孙辈有朝一日可以做到。
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thank you very much.
感谢你们。
