ISSUE

培养辩证思考的逻辑

Eg: People now tend to move away from their hometown in order to find better job opportunities. 

2. To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities. 

需要设身处地地考虑对方的思考方式

Issue开头需要做2件事情：

1. 先把你的对立阐述明白

2. 表达你的观点

Eg2:To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.

开头：

· 作者认为：The author claims it is claimed that... to understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities. 

For me, ..........

          ----倾向小城市：这样的一个statement是肯定有一定的道理的，因为大城市的研究的确可以带给我们很多valuable 的info关于这样一个soceity，但是我们不要能因此而忽略掉很多valuable的info关于这个society，但是我们不能因此而忽略掉对于小城市的focus， 因为在某些层面，小城市对于我们的研究有这个更加重要的意义。

         ----倾向大城市：我非常同意这个观点，即使很多人也会说小城市其实也有一定的作用，但是我觉得，对于大城市的focus就足够能帮助我们get a profound understanding of a society, 

结尾：

综上所述，我strongly认为，我们更应该focus在小城市的研究上，而不仅仅是只看major cities.

· 大城市=好

·例子：

什么是social groups？

哪个大城市？

· Chinese social groups = Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, HongKong(Canton Groups) = Beijing as an example = political center, powerful city = radiation city layout = Chinese respect authority and hierarchy; NYC = grid layout = respect individuality and fairness. 

· 道理论证：大城市的研究可以帮助我们更好地了解这个社会人口的一些重要特性。Why？ ----因为人都会从各个地方去到大城市 WHY? 因为大城市发展比较好，各项生活servicies以及机会都比较多。 WHY？因为地理位置比较好或者国家的政策扶持。原因说清楚了，结果呢？ 所以我们研究大城市，可以更好的了解到每个地区的人口特点，因为人都是从不同地方聚集到大城市的，所以他们会不可避免的带有自己local的特点。所以我们可以很轻松的在大城市实现一个cross national的研究，而不用travel many cities. （静态特点+动态融合/Original + dynamic）。

· 小城市=好

· 例子：

Chinese groups = culture, heritages. Traditional ceremony = Qufu, a place most people might have never heard of. 

比如孔子。还比如Martial arts Chinese Kungfu, 去少林寺。

· 道理论证：

小城市有一些重要文化，有一些重要传统保存的更好。WHY？ 因为小城市跟外界的交流会比较少，他们的生态系统没有太多外界的干涉。WHY？ 因为他们的位置可能相对来说比较偏远，比较不便利。同时，是不是小城市的居民在respect传统上做得更加的好？因为他们没有太多的social欲望 = 小城市这边的文化保存就会更加的完整和完善。

· 大城市=趋同

·例子： 距离一下大的有名的citiees, NYC, HongKong, Tokyo, Shanghai = homogenous development = with the same city features / presentation * subway system, skyscrapers = uniform traits without individuality of the social groups they belong to. 

· 道理论证： 大城市的发展为什么会越来越像？现代化，全球化，我们可以发现social groups 只叫你会有communication & integration, 而大城市是在这个integration的frontline上的。最容易受到相互影响的，所以大城市的发展慢慢的会去向同一模式：modernization。

第一段：

The author claims that when understanding the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities as they may have a particular administrative, financial, historical and / or cultural status in a country. Although studing the major cities can bring numerously valuable information, we cannot ignore our focus on the rural areas which arguably play a more important role in discovering the crucial features of a society. 

第二段：

First, the research on the studying of major cities could always help us to understand some key points of a society. For example. the primary governments of each country are often located in the major cities. When it comes to economy, large cities serve as the prominent center of trade, banking and finance. Furthermore, people from vbarious places would love to go to sizable crities for advancing future careers because those areas have developed ample opportunities and great services in every aspect. These advantages of large crities can be attributed to their remarkable geography  location and political support from their local governments. Therefore, studying the major cities is a fine method to analyze the main characteristics of a social group because different people,. who come from various areas, are inevitably carrying their own local features. As a result, it is easy to do a cross-national research about key aspects of a given society in its large cities, without having to travel excessive miles.

第三段：

Nevertheless, compared with examing the major cities, some small towns amd rural areas are more valuable for studying the characteristics of a society, especially referring to its culture. Oftentimes, we can find representative cultural traditions in the rural areas. Suburbs and small cities are less convenient for foreign visitors, so there are fewer possibilities for integration from alien culture compared with those of big cities. In addition, because of the uneven economic developments in a society, people live in rural areas may have less material needs and social desires due to the economic inclination in developing metropolises. Consequently, local traditional rituals and customs mostly exist in countryside areas in many countries as the citizens in suburb areas in many countries as the citizens in suburb areas perhaps do better in respecting their local traditions, and therefore, cultural practices in small cities are more untouched and complete. 

第四段：

Although we can find the representative cultural elements in the major cities as every society puts a considerable amount money and effort into building rational museums and colossal theatres in the sizable cities, such like the most renowned museun, louvre, in Paris, the capital of France, the project of studying major cities to realize the characteristics of a socity is limited by the homogenous development of these cities. Influenced by modernization and globalization, major cities have lost many of their own special features, and share a lot in common. Nowadays, we can obsere more and more communication and intefration between different social groups across nations. As the major cities are on the frontline of this integration, they are most likely to influence one another throug this integration, they are most likely to influence one another through this assimilation process. That is thy an individual may experience similar sensations towwards any major city, may it be Shanghai, Tokyo or New York, as they share a large nymber of analogous traits such as skyscraperes, busy road intersections and complex traffic routes. Here, the disadvantages of studying major cities in trying to understand the most characteristics of a certain social group become evident.

结尾：

Accordingly, I strongly believe our central focus on studying the characteristic in a society should be placed on the small cities rather than simply on the major ones. 

Eg4：Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. 

· 首先，丑闻是有一定作用的。WHY？ 因为丑闻会把政客们不愿意给民众看的一些信息以一种非常极端的方式展现在民众的面前。而这些信息基本上来说对民众的利益时是有很大的损害的。因此，scandals在很大程度上是在保护大众的合法权益，而当大众知道自己的利益在受到侵害的时候，会有一些适当地宣泄和表示，从而督促政府更好地实现一些改革去解决这些问题。比如说中国近几年来的Anti-corruption cases. The recent anti-corruption cases in great Chinas could best illustrare / support my point of view. 

· 但是scandial这个东西啊，更多的还是给我们的社会和稳定带来的是负面影响。首先，既然scandal，他们必然reveal的是别人不想让你看到的东西。所以我们就想知道，你是怎么知道别人不想让你知道的东西的呢？是不是这种可能，就发现scandal的过程本身就是一个丑闻呢？是不是牵扯到spy,moniutor, paparazzi？ 所以，我个人不是很欣赏这种得鱼忘筌的做法。

· 其次，虽然scabdcal让我们更加focus在一些信息上，但是实际上，scandal更多的是给我们创作了新的问题，而不是解决了这些问题。一方面，因为大众的好奇心趋势大家都会非常关注在scandal一个solution；另一方面scandal的出现会让一些本来就很有前途的政治人物失去前途，从而给社会和政府的稳定发展造成损失，比如Bill Clinton, 从这个层面上来说

Attitude vary in great extension towards scandals. Some people argue for the benefits because scandals draw people's attention on problems in an extreme but efficient way. However, revealing scandals does cause probnlems. For me, I appreciate the benefits scandals bring to solve some problems, but they are not that useful as most people consider they should be. 

Appearently, especially in politic realms when speakers or reformers are quite active in the platform, politicians are not likely to honestly admit affairs that would harm the reputation of the government to the public. Therefore, scandals can play an importtant role in revealing the truth about the governors or the goveronment and having it known to thepublic in an extereme way. Meanwhile, scandals can spread the problems to the public in a much larger scale, compared with other approaches, say the personal effort from reformers and speakers. This is beneficial because the more widely known the problems, the heavier pressure would be overburdened by the government and the quicker the problems would be solved as a result. Obviously, the recent anti-corruption cases in China and India strongly support my favot of scandal's public influence. In a long term, this will definitely help the public conduct a better supervision on the delegated administrators and ensure that the government is working on the right track. 

Admittedly, we cannot ignore the fact that there exist problems and drawbacks of scandals, the most important of which i want to raise here is about the justification of the use of scandals in revcealing more hidden information. There is no denying that the scandals are telling the brutal truth, which is normally kept strictly in the shadow,. The existence of such darker shelter always triggers my thinking of how people are able to find sealed informaition and even expose such information to the general public. It is then quite possible that the process of identifying a scandal itself might already be a scandal, which might inevitably involve some immoral and dirty trades and tricks such as espionage, monitor and even sex traps. Therefore, for me, I appreciate the potential benefits the unveiled inforamtion might bring to the society thanks to the scadal, but I also urge a decent way to justify the process of realizing the final improvement. Under no circunstances should it be achieved with the risks of lowering the entire social moral standards. 

Moreover, for most of the time, scandals actually cannot help solve any problem but create more serious social problems. On the one hand, it is human nature that people would focus more on the stories and details of the sensational scandal, and they would even make up unnecessary details and spreadrumors. We could see the anti-corruption cases again as good examples. Sadly, most people, when they heard that the mistress scandle reported some corrupted governors, were more interested in gossiping their sex affairs; on the other hand, scandals create more problems without providing a single solution. When the public realized that their legal rights have been violated, probabaly again, they might lose confidence of the authority and tend to express anger towards the abuse of the delegated power. Even more seriously, the increased public dissatisfaction might harm social stability in the long run. 

In all, I believe scandals are not that useful as stated in the claim. 

Eg132： Some people believe that our ever increasing use of technology significanly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another. 

Reduced interaction?

1. Social Animals = social groups = relying on the others to survive * information / communication / entertainment / food = human interaction; Hi-tech = reduced the reliance on the other people while wtill maintaining the same or even better life quality. For instance: Uber / Amazon; X-box / VR games

2. Virtual communication : cause some problems = socializing disability: superficial communication; escaping from the reality = dererioration of the social capabilities as social animals = dangerous signal

New and better?

1. 沟通交流方式的变革：

之前的交际圈是受限于血缘和地缘的,其实我们无法选择朋友; 但是现在,我们有了兴趣导向的apps,可以帮助我们更精准地找到有共同兴趣爱好的朋友。

2. 减少沟通成本：

Regardless of the time and space: timeless & boundless = priceless without any price. 

Migraine: 偏头痛

第一段思路：科技的发展带来了很多的生活工具，帮助我们可以在不依赖其他人的情况下能继续保持优质的生活品质，因此慢慢的人与人之间的互动就会越来越少，我们经常会在新闻中听到某些人足不出户在家里生活了很长一段时间，会觉得很不可思议，但是的确做到了。现代的科技可以让这些人很容易的满足生活中的各种需求，衣食住行等。在这个层面上，我们不得不承认科技极大地降低了人与人之间的互动。

第一段英语：

The development of Tech does bring us many useful tools, and those tools could enable us to maintain and improve our life quality, so we do not have to overly rely on other people to survive. Gradually, we might reduce our interaction and communication with others. It is always heard in the press that some people could survive without getting out ofd their room for several weeks, which is unbelievable for many of us. Many of us would often wonder how those people could achieve such unbelievable living style that would be unimaginable in the past without the aid of modern communicative technologies, It is quite simple: those people order all kings of life servies with current internet applications such as food delivery and houskeeping services. They do not have to interact with others but can still live a satisfying life. Furthermore, the development of tech also brings people many other approaches to entertain themselves. Nowadays, people are not restricted to certain human activities. but they could choose to play with AI, where they might enjoy a greater fun than mingling with real life people. 

第二段思路：科技的发展，打破了人们之间互动交流的固有模式 * 医学院和社会亲属关系为基础的社交转变为陌生人兴趣社交，从而让人们更好地找到跟自己志同道合的人，进行更加深入的交流，难道这不是一种更新的更好的人与人交流的方式吗？

第二段英语：

DOT dose offer people many better and new approaches/ ways to make impressive friends. It is because we are not only limited to meeting friends with geographic proximity and family connection. In the past, we mainly made friends with people who either lived close to us or were our family friends. but now, we are offered the chances to expand our friends' circle to cover a great diversity of people, thanks to those advanced friendship application introduced by the technology. Now, we can easily find those people who share a common interest with us, and we can directly talk with them, communicate with their opinions and attitudes, in spite of the fact that they might live quite far away from us, which was totally not possible before the advent of the high tech, Is not it a better and new way for us to communicate with others? surely, it is. 

· 站位： reduced interaction: 网上的沟通都太superficial了，没啥深层次的精神交流。

· 站位：new and better: 减少了很多没有必要的interactions， 这样可以和自己想沟通的人说想说的话

· 站位： 可以没有选边站，把对立打破了，变成同意

Eg. 33：As we acquired more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensive, but more complex and mysterious. 

不用谢agree或者disagree， 作者创造的对立不一定真的对立（写成第三段）

It is argued that.... for me, agter a thorough analysis, I believe that the aggregation of knowledge does help us acquire a comprehensible understanding of the world, but people would never be satisfied with the current knowledge system and they would push to exceed the boundarty to explore more areas, in which we are confronted with complex and mysterious issues. 

更复杂的开头：

The speaker claims that the acquisition of more knowledge makes things seems more complex and mysterious, but not more comprehensible. In order to adequately address this issue, we have to first understand what the word " comprehensible" meads. Some people may use it to refer to how easy it is to understand something. Apparently, more knowledge can make things more unfathomable than before. Children use Santa Claus to interpret their world, while grown-ups rely on physics. Of course, physics is less comprehensible, if the term is meant this way. Howeverm ther more interesting,m understanding of "comprehensibility", I think, is related to our ability to describe and predict the world accurtately. Given this clarification, I think that generally speaking more knowledege makes things more comprehensible. More specificallly, practical knowledge exhibiats a complex human system in front of us while also reveals its myustery; in contrast, theoretical knowledge, whiether complex or not, sets up more challenging conundrums of our future quests. 

变得更加comprehensive：

科学的例子：一个是天文，地理学中关于世界的知识：之前我们不能理解很多自然现象，比如为什么会刮风，为什么会打雷下雨，所以我们会通过一些神话和未知的power来解释，*Zeus/ Thor /Odin，但是通过知识的进一步发展，我们对这个世界有了更准确的认识，我们知道了风来自气压差，我们知道了打雷下雨是有一定的自然原因的。同时，我们对自己的认识，也随着医学知识的发展，变得更加的comprehensible。 之前，我们不了解自己的身体构造，我们创造了很多神来揭示人类的出现和发展，但是后来，我们知道了人的构造，我们知道了人为什么会生老病死，我们对自己的了解上了一个新的台阶。

变得更加complex：

比如说物理：Thanks  to Issac Newton, 它建立的物理知识体系帮助我们对这个物质世界的规律有了更comprehensive的理解，我们知道了运动和重力，知道了人怎么样更好的在地球上生活。但是，随着物理学书的进一步发展，我们会进入到有些新的研究领域，在这些领域中，一开始物品们会碰到很多很多不了解的事情，我们可以看到最近的天体物理研究中出现的black hole， dark matter， wtring theory 以及gravity wave等等，其实都不知道这些具体代表什么。

比如说医学：我们的医学体系在一步步推进，但是我们也越来越多的遇到了新的问题。比如gene modification, DNA decoding, brain acticvation = 这些都是一些新的非常complex and mysterious 的 issue。

变得更加comprehensive的英文：

The accumulation of knowledge enables us to have a better understanding both of ourselves and the outside world. On the one hand, the continuously increasing knowledge unveils the mysteries of us human beings. In the ancient time, people did not know how the first people had developed, what was the composition of the human bodies and why people grew elder , suddered from diseases and even had to pass away. They explained those mysteries with all kinds of legends and stories. The snkae seduced Adams and Eva in Eden, devils would rob the life from the people, the demons spread the diseases and so on; but now, with the establishement and advancement of the modern medical technologies, people know.... On the other hand, the knowledge also changed our way of viewing the outside world. In the past, people explained the lightning and thunder with the anger of Zeus, and they spread the stories that Apollo traveled acrooss the sky everyday to share the sunshine with people on the earth, but now...

变得更加complex的英文（比较简单，让学生写）

Eg：55： In order for any work of art - for example, film, a novel a poem,  or a song - to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.

· For public:

1.被更多人所理解，那么更多人就会去promote，就会去respect。首先，我们说的艺术作品是作者的思路，作者的想法，作者的生活经验的一个extraction，他是作为一个well-organized, 一个systematical 桥梁在沟通作者和public， 所以我认为，只有当艺术作品所标示的messages被audience所理解，艺术作品才能有它的意义：让大众都理解之后，他们才会感同身受，他们自发地进行PROMOTE, 从而是的艺术作品的价值，不管是美学还是商业还是文学都能够快速的get established. 

2. 但我们不由自主地思考，为什么这些历史上的作品最后还是会被确立他们的艺术价值呢？因为那一群 niche的elite / minority， 他们通过自己的努力，去interpret这些抽象的，先锋的艺术作品，从而把他们的message转化为更加通俗易懂的语言，让更多的人去接受，去理解，最后，当大众能够用他们的方式来面对和欣赏这些作品的时候，我们才能说，他们的地位被established。

3. 在历史中，其实大部分艺术作品都是bornm to serve the public, so we take it for grantedd ti enjoy the benefits without attachiing much attention. 所以我们的眼光会放在了那些一开始就和主流contradicting的艺术作品上，从而我们认为之后contradiction才能创造艺术，但是这个思路其实是不对的，因为我们已经enjoy了这些本身都是serve我们的艺术作品。

· For niche groups:

1. 同时我们不能否认的是， 在历史上，真的有很多的艺术作品，在他们问世之初，真的就不是被大部分人所能理解的，甚至当时的主流社会其实是在抨击，鄙视或者打压这样的作品的。比如，很少有人会在一开始的时候就会appreciate Picasso或者Vincent Van Gogh  的化作，而Stravinsky的 “：Right of Spring" 春之祭在巴黎处女秀的时候被大家批判的一无是处，但在多年之后都被公认是著名的艺术作品。所以，从历史背景上来说，这些作品当时还真的是不被大众所接受的。

开头：

People alwaysd argue that different art forms should speak to divercified audience, some of whom should have naturally a higher level of appreciation awarness and intellectual understanding. Therefore, it is unfair to claim that all the art forms should definetely face the general public, some of which could go intelligently further. Well, I partially agre with such a claim, but deep in my heart, I believe that the art should still focus on the general public understanding. 

第一段：

First， we should check the goal of the art with respect. For me, art services as the communication bridge connecting the artists and the audience regardless of the time and space, It embodies the attitudes, opinnions, feelings and life experiences of the artists in a well-structured way and tries to find resonance among the audience, Appreciating the art is like having a private conversation with the artist herself. Only when the messages delivered in the art could be interpreted by the general public could we say that  the art is surviving and thriving. When the recognition of the art is established not only in exhibition museums but also in the mind of the public, the value of the art could then be firmly realized. 

第二段：

Well, to view the issue from a historic perspective, we cannot deny that some art pieces, upon their initial public apperances / debuts, could not gain the public acknowledgement and popularity quickly but are only appreciated by some social elites. Take the paintings of Van Gogh or the innovative opera "Rite of Spring" of Stravinsky as good examples. Back at van Gogh's time, the public could not understand the complex emotions contained in some simple lines, and Van Gogh only sold one painting when he was alive. Several years after his death, the aesthetic values in his works were finally recognized by others. Generally, people today speak highly of and even offer hyperbolic prices for the "Sun Flowers" or " Stassy Sky". The same situation can also be applied to the Stravinsky's great work, Rite of spring, whose debut suffered from numerous critisms and misunderstandings. The historical facts indeed show that we could not deny the existence of these arts in history. 

第三段：

Despite suchhistorical cases indicating that the niche art pices finally gained public recognition in the end, I still firmly hold to the belied that the ultimate goal of the art should be serving the public and understandable upon its birth. On the one hand, I believe the reason why such abstract art pices as the paintings of Van Gogh or the opera of Stranvinsky gainedfinal merits still lies in the public  effort of genetrations to decode and interpret the hidden messages and creations of the initiators, so the ordinary peopel could easily understand what the authors tried to delivery with their works. Only if the majority could understand the art could the art be widely welcomed and eventually become cultural heritages, On the other hand, in the history, there should have been many other art works, which did not capture our attention because they were born as public art and were not conflicting with the traditions. They soon got established in the art museums and in the public taste. We oculd not deny such existense of art as well. 

结尾段：

Accordingly/ in sum / All in all / Finally, although there were many great art pieces  in the history that had not been understood by the contemporary public, I still believe that the ultimate goal of art is to serve the public and become easily understandable for the general audience.