1.形容词和副词的成分

• 形容词
  • 放在系词后面做表语
  • 放在名词前面做定语
• 副词
  • 副词修饰实义动词
  • he cried sadly.
  • 副词修饰形容词
  • he looks especially sad.
  • 副词修饰副词
  • he looks rather sadly.
  • 副词修饰整个句子
  • Actually, he cries.
  • 副词无论放在哪都是做状语

2.什么是状语

• 状语的含义：状语就是在一句话中，修饰实义动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分。状语在一句话当中除了名词不能修饰，什么成分都可以修饰。

3.状语的成分：

• 副词adv
• 介词短语做状语
  • she cried sadly like a boy losing his toy.
• 非谓语动词(分词、不定式)作状语
  • she cried, sitting there.
• 从句做状语
  • she cried when she sat there.

4.状语的位置：随便放

5.状语从句

• 引导词的分类标准：状语从句的引导词是按照引导词本身的意思分的类，一共把引导词分成九类

1.时间状语从句

• when=while=as
  • 当while翻译成“当...的时候”，后面要跟进行时态
• before
• after
• since
  • 只要一句话带since，主句一定会用现在完成式
  • I have fallen in love with you since I met you.
• the moment= as soon as
• by the time
• not...until
  • 直到...才

2.状语从句的时态问题

• When love comes, I will hold her hands.
  • 在所有状语从句中，如果主句的动作和从句动作都尚未发生的话，主句用一般将来式，从句用一般现在式表示将来
• When love came, I failed to hold her hands.

3.区别until 和not...until

区别在于看主句的谓语动词是延续性动词还是瞬间动词。如果是延续性动词，就用until。如果是瞬间动词，就用not...until

• I will wait here until you come.
• I will not leave until you come.

4.when引导的时间状语从句省略的情况

When I was a kid, I enjoyed singing songs.

When a kid, I enjoyed singing songs.

• when引导的时间状语从句，如果主句的主语和从句的主语一致，并且从句的谓语中有be动词，此时从句的主语和be动词可以同时省略。

2.地点状语从句

where

这种树在潮湿的地方生长的很好。

• The kind of trees grow well in moist places.
• The kind of trees grow well where it is moist.
• 做地点状语的通常都是介词短语很少是从句

3.原因状语从句

• 引导词

  • because
  • as
  • since
  • in that
  • seeing that
  • considering that
  • now that
  • given that

• 连词

  • for

• 介词短语

  • because of
  • due to
  • owning to
  • thanks to
  • for the sake of
  • as a result of

造句练习

• He had a car accident because he was careless.
• He had a car accident for he was careless.
• He had a car accident because of his carelessness.

4.目的状语从句

引导词

• to
• in order to
• so as to

• so that
  • 表示目的，通常放在句末，不放在句首
• in order that

造句练习

• We will ascend higher in order to overlook farther.
• We will ascend higher in order that we overlook farther.

5.结果状语从句

引导词

• so...that
• such...that
  • so的后面跟adj.或adv.，such后面跟n.

造句练习

• You are such a person that
• It feels so hot today that I will wear my dress.
  • so...that可以替换very+adj/adv
  • 作文中见到adj或者adv都可以写成so...that句型

6.让步状语从句

引导词

• although
• though
• even though
• even if
• as
  • as的部分倒装：as引导的让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首，构成部分倒装
  • As I seem ugly, I keep gentle.
  • Ugly as I seem, I keep gentle.
  • Simple as the chart looks, the outlook behind proves far-reaching-----national products become increasingly popular with Chinese customers.
• while
  • while翻译成虽然，尽管的意思讲，只能放在句首，不能放在句中。
  • while翻译成但是，一定放在两句话的中间。

while的特殊用法

造句练习

• 养宠物可以培养孩子们的爱心
  • Raising pets can cultivate the loving heart of kids, although they might be injurious to their families or neighbors.

7.方式状语从句

引导词

• 好像；似乎

• as

• the way

• as if / though

  • she looks as if she were made of ice.

• by 、through、by means of 、in...way、manner

8.条件状语从句

引导词

• suppose that
• supposing that
• if
• unless
• provided that
• as long as
• so long as

造句练习

• 只要有一丝希望，我也不会放弃。
  • if there seems a ghost of hope, I will never give up.

9.比较状语从句

引导词

• as..as...
• than

造句练习

• You are as beautiful as I.

6.状语和状语从句的考点分析

写作

• 作文中任何一句话的旁边都可以加一个状语把句子拉长。
  • 你可以像猪一样生活，但是你永远不会像猪一样快乐。
    • One can live as if he were a pig conversing, he can never be as delighted as a pig.

长难句分析

能够快速识别一句话当中的状语成分，并且把他们通顺的翻译出来。

那如何识别状语呢？

一句话中，除了句子的主干和定语以外，其它部分都可以认为是状语。具体怎么识别状语，只要在句子中见到以下一坨东西都是状语：

• 副词
• 比较状语
• 条件状语
• 结果
• 原因
• 让步
• 目的
• 方式
• 伴随：介词with

    在分析长难句的时候如果见到：**n+时间/地点**，就需要区别定语还是状语，如果无法确定是定语还是状语的时候，定语优先选择。只有翻译成定语恶心的时候，才翻译成状语。

• The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
• Social science is that branch of intellectual inquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
• The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
• Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
• While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.
  • 从句和动词不定式充当主语，通常把它们放到句末，加it作形式主语