Teaching Knowledge Test Course
Module 1
Language and background to language learning and teaching
Part1
Unit 1 Grammar
Grammar describe how we combine , organise and change words and parts of words to make meaning . We use rules for this description.
Grammar is the ways that words can be put together in order to make sentences.
There are nine parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunction and exclamations.
Nouns : (countable, uncountable)to name people , places, things, qualities, ideas, or activities. To act as the subject/object of the verb.
A noun is a word such as `car', `love', or `Anne' which is used to refer to a person or thing.
Verbs: (transitive, intransitive)to show an action, state or experience
A verb is a word such as `sing', `feel', or `die' which is used with a subject to say what someone or something does or what happens to them, or to give information about them.
Adjectives: (comparative) to describe or give more information about a noun, pronoun or part of a sentence e.g. a cold day.
An adjective is a word such as `big', `dead', or `financial' that describes a person or thing, or gives extra information about them. Adjectives usually come before nouns or after link verbs.
A comparative adjective compares two things, e.g. He is taller than she is.
A demonstrative adjective shows whether something is near or far from the speaker, e.g. this (near), that (far).
An -ing/-ed adjective describes things or feelings. An -ing adjective describes things or people, e.g. The book is very interesting. An -ed adjective describes feelings, e.g. I am very interested in the book.
A possessive adjective shows who something belongs to, e.g. my, our.
A superlative adjective compares more than two things, e.g. He is the tallest boy in the class.
Adverbs: (of degree, manner, time) to describe or give more information about how, when or where something happens. To add information to adjectives , verbs, other adverbs or sentences. e.g. he worked quickly and well.
An adverb is a word such as `slowly', `now', `very', `politically', or `fortunately' which adds information about the action, event, or situation mentioned in a clause.
Determiners: (possessive adjectives, articles, demonstrative adjectives, quantifiers) to make clear which noun is referred to or to give information about quantity.
In grammar, a determiner is a word which is used at the beginning of a noun group to indicate, for example, which thing you are referring to or whether you are referring to one thing or several. Common English determiners are `a', `the', `some', `this', and `each'.
Prepositions:(of time, place, direction) to connect a noun, noun phrase or pronoun to another word or phrase
A preposition is a word such as `by', `for', `into', or `with' which usually has a noun group as its object.
Pronouns: (personal, possessive, relative, reflexive) to replace or refer to a noun or noun phrase just mentioned.
A pronoun is a word that you use to refer to someone or something when you do not need to use a noun, often because the person or thing has been mentioned earlier. Examples are `it', `she', `something', and `myself'.
Conjunction:(of reason, addition, contrast) to join words, sentences or parts of sentences
In grammar, a conjunction is a word or group of words that joins together words, groups, or clauses. In English, there are co-ordinating conjunctions such as `and' and `but', and subordinating conjunctions such as `although', `because', and `when'.
Exclamations:(of doubt, pain) to show a (strong)feeling- especially in informal spoken language.
An exclamation is a sound, word, or sentence that is spoken suddenly, loudly, or emphatically and that expresses excitement, admiration, shock, or anger.
Discovery activities
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http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/
https://www.englishclub.com/
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² Active
Active voice In an active sentence, the subject of the verb usually does or causes the action, e.g. The captain scored the winning goal.
² Passive voice
In a passive sentence, something is done to or happens to the subject of the sentence, e.g. They were taken to the airport by taxi. See active voice.
² Clause
A clause generally consists of a subject and a finite verb relating to the subject and any other elements, e.g. object. A clause can be a full sentence or a part of a sentence.
Main clause
When the teacher arrived, the learners stopped talking.
Subordinate clause
When the teacher arrived, the learners stopped talking.
Relative clause
The learners who were sitting near the front stood up.
² Modal verb
A modal verb is a verb used with other verbs to show ideas such as ability or obligation or possibility. They include can, must, will, should, e.g. I can speak French, but I should study even harder.
² Phrase
A group of words which are often a part of a sentence rather than the whole sentence, e.g. the green car, on Friday morning are phrases. Also a group of words that together have a particular meaning.
² Question tag
A phrase that is added to the end of a sentence to make it a question, or to check that someone agrees with the statement just made, e.g. It’s very cold, isn’t it? It isn’t very far, is it?
² Tense
A form of the verb that shows whether something happens in the past, present or future.
Future with going to
I ’m going to visit my aunt on Sunday. It’s going to rain.
Future with present continuous
He is meeting John for dinner at eight tomorrow.
Future with present simple
The plane leaves at 9.00 next Saturday.
Future with will or shall
I’ll help with the cleaning. It will be lovely and sunny tomorrow
Past continuous, progressive
I was watching TV all evening.
Past perfect continuous, progressive
I had been studying for three hours so I felt tired.
Past perfect simple
After I had phoned Mary, I went out.
Past simple
I went on holiday to France last year.
Present continuous, progressive
I am working in London now.
Present perfect continuous, progressive
I have been studying for three years.
Present perfect simple
I have known him for a long time.
Present simple
He drives to work every day.
