根据 刘晓艳老师 的书整理，有做小部分的改动，仅供参考，建议购买教材啦，书上有许多恰当的栗子，以及一些训练。

英语语法

Part 1

中文：

中文中我们把句子成分分为了：主 谓 宾 定 状 补

但是中文的表述过程可以不那么明确的体现他的结构性

英文：

同样有：主 谓 宾 表 定 状 补 同位语

英文的基本结构：

主谓

主谓宾

主谓表

主谓双宾

主谓宾宾补

主谓：

He died.

主谓宾&主谓表：

两者的区别在于 谓语

主谓宾

结构中 谓语一定是 ”实意动词“；

实意动词：明确表达动作的动词，也成为行为动词

主谓表

结构中 谓语为 ”系动词“；

系动词：(6类)

表状态：be

表感官：look,sound,taste,smell,feel

表变化：get,become,turn,grow,fall

表保持：keep,stay,remain,stand

表表象：seem,appear

表终止或者结果：prove(证明，证实)

这其中有些系动词在部分含义上也是实意动词:

get：得到

turn：转动，转弯

grow：成长

fall：下降

keep：继续，饲养

stay：逗留

主谓双宾

主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

He teaches us English.

这类动词：

buy pass lend give tell teach show bring send

主谓宾宾补

主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

1. You should keep the room clean and tidy.宾补成分：形容词

2. We made his our monitor.宾补成分：名词

3. His father told him not to play in the street.宾补成分：不定式

4. My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.宾补成分：现在分词

5. Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.宾补成分：过去分词

谓语：

谓语就是具有时态的系动词或者实义动词（词组），在不包括情态动词的谓语下。

一句话中可以有多个动词么

好问题有水平昂///

emmm，貌似是不可以的

那咋办？

我们变换啊

-ing 动词变为 主动或者进行

-ed 动词变为 被动或者完成

to+ 动词变为不定式 目的或者将来

而这就是所谓的 非谓语结构。

综上我们可以得出

1. 谓语只能是动词（词组）

2. 动词（词组）只能充当谓语

3. 其余的动词变成 非谓语结构

阿这？那非谓语结构可以干嘛？

字面意思，只要不是谓语，他可以充当其他的任何成分，吊起来了！

To finish the work by yourself is very hard. 作主语

It's very hard to finish the work by yourself. It 做形式主语，to do 做真正主语

Her job is to look after the babies. 作表语

He enjoys staying with his family. 作宾语 这里的宾语是，staying with his family

I hope to see you soon. 没看懂宾语再来一个

He found a good house to live in.作定语 定语：修饰名词。

He worked day and night to get the money. 作状语 状语：针对谓语中心词进行修饰。

The cave,his hiding-place,is secret.

His habit ,eating snack before sleeping,has not been changed.

这时候我们就会发现，诶有好多都是有两个动词啊，到底如何确定谁是谓语，谁是非谓语？

诶，句子主要想表达什么动作，自然就会分析出来什么是谓语动词，什么是非谓语结构。--这边建议多看看句子。

主语

首先一点：主语能否缺失？这肯定是不可以的，祈使句也只不过是把主语省略了。

当中文句子中真的没有主语时，我们该怎样处理呢?

形式主语

外面很热

It is not outside.

---

雨一直在下

It is raining.

There be

有很多人喜欢我

There are loads of individuals having affection for me.

主动变被动

Grammar must be pointed out to be quite crucial in the examination of postgraduates.

Pollution is realized exceedingly severe by an increasing number of people.

越来越多的人意识到污染很严重。

当我们知道了被动后,被动语态的原型：be+动词过去分词+(by)，当没有发出者时可省略 by

结合时态的被动语态：

规则 自己悟

We concluded the meeting at 3 pm.

The meeting was concluded by us at 3 pm.

那就让许多不法分子想搞事情，是不是说我可以都用被动语态了呢，反正有规则了。

不可以滴！

1. 拥有：have own possess

2. 主系表结构中，系动词没有被动：He looks very handsome.

3. 发生：take place , happen, occur

4. 爆炸：break out , burst out

5. 不及物动词无被动：The sun rose.

其实这里提供了很多种说法，无非就是想让你避免用人称代词来做主语，使你的文章不要显得那么low,但是有些情况，没得办法，比如说：上学，你只能是 We go to school.

宾语

因为从语言的角度，他与主语无非一前一后，但是基本性质是一样的，所以只能由 代词，名词，非谓语结构来担任该成分。

表语

这就没啥意思了，代词，名词，非谓语结构，形容词，介词。

时态

这就是中学知识了

The present tense

定义：

1. 现阶段，经常性发生

2. 客观真理，自然现象

3. 人或者物永久的状态

助动词：do/does

结构:

1. 主谓宾

肯定句：Students usually wake up early.



否定句：He does not like his job.



疑问句：Do you love the dog?

2. 主谓表：

肯定句：I am a student.



否定句：He is not a child anymore.



疑问句：Are you ok？

标志词：

1. always usually often sometimes seldom never hardly

2. once a weak /twice a month/ three times a day

3. in the morning/on Sundays/at weekends/every day

所以动词在进行第三人称变化时实际上是有相应规则的：

1. -s

2. s/x/ch/sh/o -es

3. 辅音+y 变y为i-es

4. 不规则：have-has be-is

The future tense

定义：

1. 表示将来某时间里发生的动作

2. 表示将来某时间里存在的状态

助动词：will shall

结构：

1. 主谓宾

肯定句：I will bring him a present.



否定句：He won't fulfill his promise.



疑问句：Will you travel to Beijing?

2. 主谓表

肯定句：I will be a preeminent teacher



否定句：My father will not be there next day.



疑问句：Will you be a nurse?

标志词：

tomorrow soon next+time in+时间段 in the future

The present continuous tense

定义：

动作现在正在发生，仅有动作，不表示状态

助动词：be(am/is/are)

结构：

因为不表示一种状态，所以现在进行时只有主谓宾，没有主系表

主谓宾：

肯定句：We are having classes.

否定句：We are not having classes.

疑问句：Are we having classes?

标志词：

now right now at present at the moment at this time these days look listen

区别：

1. 现在进行时与现在分词作表语：

之前我们说过，由于我们的谓语动词只能有一个，其余的动词只好用其他形式变成非谓语结构，这就导致了一个很尴尬的问题，有时候我们会用 be+V.-ing 如下：



He is playing basketball with his friends.



The book is inspring.(inspring 启发性)



这里需要用自身的语境去分析，是现在分词作表语还是，现在进行时。

The past tense

定义：

1. 表示过去时段发生的动作

2. 表示过去时段存在的状态

助动词：did

结构：

1. 主谓宾：

肯定句：I saw him in the library yesterday.



否定句：I didn't live here before.



疑问句：Did you study English at 10?

标志词：

ago(词组) yesterday last(词组) just now in the past in+过去时间 long ago once upon a time

规则：

1. -ed

2. 辅音+e:-d

3. 辅音+y:去掉y-ied

4. 辅元辅：双写后辅音-ed stopped

The present perfect tence

定义：

1. 表示动作从过去一直持续到现在才完成，强调动作的结果，已经

助动词：have/has

结构：

1. 主谓宾：

肯定句：He has already obtained a scholarship.



否定句：I haven't seen much of him recently.



疑问句：Have you found the missing child?

2. 主谓表：

肯定句：I have been in the city for more than 5 years.



否定句：He has not been a student.



疑问句：Have you ever been to the UK?

标志词：

already ever never just yet still recently lately so far until now in the past/last 3 years

for+一段时间 since+过去时间点

区别：

动词在完成可分：瞬间和持续

常见的瞬时动词-持续动词：buy-have borrow-keep arrive-stay leave-be away put-lie marry-be married join-be a member of come back-be back die-de dead start/begin-be on finish-be over

很好理解的，买东西的动作，你不能一直在支付，结婚这个你不能一直在结婚，就是不会有卡带的情况啦。

The past continuous tense

过去进行时：表示过去某时间点发生的动作：I was watching TV at eight last night.

The past future tense

过去将来时：表示从过去来看，动作将要发生：She promised that she would come to China some day.

The past perfect tense

过去完成时：表示动作在过去某一时间之前就已经完成了：My father had slept before I came back home.

The present perfect continuous tense

现在完成进行时：表示从过去一直持续到现在，这个动作可能还将集训延续下去：

I have been doing the experiment these days.

The past perfect continuous tense

过去完成时：表示动作在过去的一段时间持续进行：I had been writing the paper those days.

The future perfect tense

将来完成时：表示将来某一段时间之前将要完成的动作：I will have finished writing the article by the end of this semester.

The future continuous tense

将来进行时：将来某个时间点正在进行的动作：I will be meeting him this time tomorrow.

The past future cotinuous tense

过去将来进行时：从过去来看，将来某一时刻正在进行的动作：He told me that he would be living in China some day.

The past future perfect tense

过去将来完成时：表示从过去来看，将来某一时间之前将要完成的动作：David told me that he would have finished hist homework by nine.

The future perfect continuous tense

将来完成进行时：表示动作在将来某一段时间持续进行：He will have been living here for 5 years by the end of this month.

The past future perfect continuous tense

过去将来完成时：表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去某一时间：He said that he would have been living in this city for 10 years by the end of last year.

动词

实义动词 V.

及物动词 Vt.

不及物动词Vi.

系动词

1. 状态：be

2. 感官：feel sound smell taste look

3. 变化：get become turn grow fall

4. 保持：keep stand remain stay

5. 表象：seem apper

6. 终止：prove

情态动词

含义：

表示说话人的主观态度，并具有一定含义

用法：

不可以单独使用，后面必须跟上实义动词/系动词

分类：

1. 能够：can could

2. 可能：may might

3. 必须：must(客观) have to(主观)

4. 应该：should ought to

5. 将会，想要：would

6. 需要：need

7. 敢：dare

情态动词+完成时：表推测

1. must have done:一定做过

2. needn't have done:本没必要，但做了

3. could have done:并应该做，但是没做，表遗憾

4. should have done:本应该做，客观，也没有做

助动词

含义：

帮助谓语动词构成否定，疑问，时态，语态的词

分类：

be：构成进行时，被动语态

do/does/did：一般现在时，过去时的否定和疑问，强调谓语动词，倒装

have/has：构成完成时

will：构成将来时

should shall 的区别：

shall:

1. 表征询意见，用于第一第三人称疑问句：Shall I get you some tea?

2. 表示说话人的意愿，有命令，允诺，警告，决心的含义，用于第二第三人称陈述句：You shall do as I say.

should:

1. 表义务：应该，You should be polite to your teachers.

2. 表推测：想必一定，估计，They should be home by now.

3. 本应该但没有：Should have+过去分词：She should have attended your birthday party,but she had to look after her mother in hospital

名词

含义：

名词就是人或物的名称

分类：

1. 普通名词：

1.  可数：
    
    
    1.  个体名词：单个的人或物
        
        
    2.  集体名词：某类人或物的总称
        
        
2.  不可数：看不见摸不着的东西

2. 专有名词：人名，国家，地名，机构，组织的名称，首字母大写

复数：

直接加：-s

以 s x sh ch：-es

f/fe 结尾：f/fe 变为-ves

辅音+y：去 y -ies

以o结尾：有生命-es //无生命-s

男人女人：a-e

词尾：-en

oo：-ee

单复数同形：sheep,deer,means,Chinese,Japanese

国籍：中日不变，英法变，其余加 -s/-es

集体名词：police,people,cattle,army,board,class,club

只用复数：noodles,glasses,trousers,thanks,clothes,chopsticks,socks,shorts

不可数名词：

液体：orange milk water wine juice tea coffee soup

食物：bread meat grain suger chocolate wheat

自然：soil sand wood weather snow wind

情感：joy happiness pleasantness sadness

学科：Chinese Maths Geography Physics Chemistry English

概念：advice information news time money knowledge music

名词所有格：

1. 's所有格：

1.  直接加：'s
    
    
2.  s结尾：---s'
    
    
3.  几个人共有：在最后人名后加：'s
    
    
4.  几个人分别有：在每个人后加：'s

2. of 所有格：

1.  N1+of+N2：表示N2的N1

冠词

a

an

the

the：

1. 特指：

2. 用于上文提到的事物

3. 用在世界上独一无二的事物或者方位名词前

4. 用于序数词，形容词最高级以及only前面

5. 用于江河、湖海、山脉、岛屿

6. 用于乐器前

7. 与 adj.连用表示一类人或者事物。

不需要冠词：

play chess play basketball speak English

my cat these advantages someone‘s camera

专有名词，季节，月份，星期，节假日

三餐饭菜

由形容词修饰的物质名词、抽象名词前

特殊名词，nature society space man history

代词

人称代词

用法：

主格：句子的主语，表语

宾格：句子的及物动词&介词的宾语

多个人称合在一起作主语：

单数：二三一

复数：一二三

物主代词

形容词性物主代词，后跟名词，相当于adj

名词性物主代词相当于名词

反身代词

不定代词

某某：

something someone somebody

anything anyone anybody

nothing none nobody

everything everyone everybody

指示代词

单数：this that

复数：these those

总结

代词，代替所指代的名词：

指代关系：

1. 就近原则

2. 语法一致

3. 意思一致

形容词

含义：

修饰名词的词

用法：

形容词做定语：embarrassing scandals

形容词做表语：The fact is that most Chinese people are hospitable,courteous and helpful to the visitors.

形式与区别：

V.-ing：令人如何如何

V.-ed：如何的

比较级：

1. 原级：怎样的

1.  肯定句：和xx一样的：as+原级+as  as+adj+n+as
    
    
2.  否定句：和xx不一样的：not as/so+形容词原级+as

2. 比较级：更加的

3. 最高级：最如何的

比较级构成，变化规则：

直接加：-er/-est

以e结尾：-r/-st

辅音+y：变y为i-er/-est

y结尾双音节词：y-->ier/-iest

其他双音节：在前面加，more、most

特殊变化：

good/well better best

bad/badly/ill worse worst

far farther/further farthest/further

old older/elder oldest/eldest

little less least

many/much more most

用法：

1. 通常上，比较级是两者之间的常用 than 形成对比，最高级常是在一个范围内之最，常用界定范围的介词。

在比较上，根据具体情况可以有程度的形容，a bit/little/little bit/lot/great deal any even far by far much very much mo rather still slightly

2. 比较+and+比较：体现出一种越来越的持续变化。

3. the+比较级+主谓，the+比较级+主谓：The more difficult the question is,the more careful we should be.

4. than 的比较结构：

1.  more than：不仅仅是
    
    
2.  more ... than ...：比 ~ ~ 多，与其说 ~ ~ 不如说
    
    
3.  nothing more than：只不过是
    
    
4.  anything less than：毫不
    
    
5.  nothing less than：简直，就是
    
    
6.  better than：比 ~ ~ 更好
    
    
7.  rather than：而不是
    
    
8.  other than：除了
    
    
9.  less than：少于
    
    
10.  no less than
    
    
    1.  多达，不少于：
        
        
    2.  简直是：
        
        
    3.  与 ~ ~ 一样，不比 ~ ~ 差
        
        
11.  no ... than ...：
    
    
    1.  no ... more than：两者都不
        
        
    2.  no ... better than：与 ~ ~ 一样，简直就是
        
        
    3.  not ... any more than：正如 ~ ~ 不能

副词 Adv.

定义：用于给出句子的状态等

时间：just recently before already finally today

地点：here there nearly

方式：fast hard carefully slowly

程度：much little very enough particularly

频率：usually often sometimes never always hardly constantly frequently seldom

用法：

1. 时间、地点副词可以放在句首 or 句末，同时存在，地点在前

2. 修饰形容词： adv+adj.

3. 修饰动词：(a)动词前后 (b)句末：

4. 方式副词修饰动词：句末：Please read this book carefully.

5. 频率副词放在实义动词之前，be之后：(a) He is always nice to me. (b) I sometimes have lunch at school.

6. 修饰整个句子：句首：Luckily,he survieved in the accident.

副词的比较级：

1. 主语+动词+副词比较级+than+比较对象

He started two hours earlier than we did.

2. as ... as ... & not so/as ... as ...

He can work as well as me.

3. the+比较级，the+比较级

The more constantly we do exercise,the healthier we will be.

介词

1. 时间地点：on/in/at

1.  表时间：
    
    
    1.  具体时间：某年某月某日，星期，节日，特定的某天，具体的某天的早中晚：on
        
        
    2.  泛指时间：年，月，日，世纪，四季，早中晚：in
        
        
    3.  in+时间段：在 ~ ~ 以后，一般将来
        
        
2.  表地点：
    
    
    1.  上面：on
        
        
    2.  里面，大地点：in
        
        
    3.  里面，小地点：at

2. 常用的其他时间副词：

1.  before：xxx 之前，时间、距离
    
    
2.  after：xxx 之后，时间、跟随
    
    
3.  during：在 ~ ~ 期间
    
    
4.  for+时间段：完成时
    
    
5.  since+时间点：自从，完成时
    
    
6.  until：直到

3. 方式：

1.  by：
    
    
    1.  by+将来时间(将来时)：到 ~ ~ 为止
        
        
    2.  by+过去时间(过去完成时)：到 ~ ~ 为止
        
        
    3.  在旁边
        
        
    4.  被、由，被动结构
        
        
    5.  通过 ~ ~ 方式
        
        
    6.  表示程度，数量：The biomass of large predators in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.
        
        
    7.  by+交通工具
        
        
2.  in：语言，工具：Can you introduce youself in English?
    
    
3.  on：电子类：He listened to music on the radio.

4. 其他介词：

1.  of：所有格，xxx 的
    
    
2.  to：朝，向，往，对着
    
    
3.  over：在 ~ ~ 上面，超过
    
    
4.  under：在 ~ ~ 下面
    
    
5.  above：在 ~ ~ 下面
    
    
6.  below：在 ~ ~ 下面
    
    
7.  near：在 ~ ~ 附近
    
    
8.  beside：在 ~ ~ 旁边
    
    
9.  behind：在 ~ ~ 后面
    
    
10.  from：来自
    
    
11.  between：两者之间
    
    
12.  among：多者之间
    
    
13.  like：像
    
    
14.  beyond：超出
    
    
15.  against：与 ~ ~ 相对/相反
    
    
16.  including：包括
    
    
17.  about：包括/关于
    
    
18.  concerning：关于
    
    
19.  across：穿过(表面)
    
    
20.  throught：穿过(内部)
    
    
21.  without：没有
    
    
22.  with：
    
    
    1.  用，和 ~ ~ 一起，伴有 ~ ~ ，随着 ~ ~ ，由于
        
        
    2.  独立主格：with+n.+adj./V.-ing/V.-ed：With the bird singing,she has a sweet sleep.
        
        
23.  for：对于；表目的，去向；由于；作为；表因果关系
    
    
24.  as：作为

Part 2

并列句

意义&作用：

英语中，不允许用逗号，连接两个并列的句子，当我们需要在句子之间用逗号，就需要并列连词。

常见的并列连词：

平行关系：and not only--but also both--and-- either--or-- neither--nor--

转折关系：but while yet whereas

选择关系：or whether--or-

因果关系：for so

递进关系：then

与并列连词同义的逻辑关系词：

1. 平行关系：

1.  副词：similary（同样地，相似地），equally（平均地，同样地），likewise（同样地）
    
    
2.  介词短语：at the same time，in the meanwhile

2. 转折关系：

1.  副词：however（然而），nevertheless = nonetheless（尽管如此），conversely（相反地），contraily（相反地），unexpectedly（意外地），unfortunately（不幸地）
    
    
2.  介词短语：on the contray，in/by contrast

3. 选择关系：

1.  副词：alternatively（或）

4. 因果关系：

1.  副词：therefore（所以），thus（因此），consequently（因此）
    
    
2.  介词短语：as a result，as a consequence

5. 递进关系：

1.  副词：besides（而且），additionally（另外），subsequently（随后）
    
    
2.  介词短语：in addition

区别：

连词，可以在两个句子间加逗号

介词短语和副词，逗号改为句号，或者在副词或者介词短语之前加 and

并列句的对称原则：

1. 词性对称：词性，单复数，时态，语态 一致

2. 结构对称：前面是主谓宾，后面也应该是主谓宾。

并列句的省略现象：

1. 由于英语句子具有避免重复原则，我们会进行一些省略，但是省略后句子让然保持了对称与平衡。

1.  省略主谓：He is not only a nice teacher in class but a nice friend to his students in private.
    
    
2.  省略be：Failing hips can be replaced,clinical depression controlled,and cataracts removed in a 30-minute susurgical procedure.
    
    
3.  省略主语：He is rich,but leads a modest life.
    
    
4.  省略重复成分

Test

汉译英：

1. 她不仅英语讲得流利而且日语说的也很好。

   She not only speaks English smoothly but speaks Japanese well.

2. 爱情早已经不在了，他还停留在过去。

   Love has gone.Unexpectedly,he still remains there.

3. 如果你想称为一名志愿者，必须要有足够的耐心，因为照顾孩子需要良好的心态。

   If you desire to be a volunteer,you must have sufficient patience because taking care of kids needs a good mentality.

4. 都说我如水百变，可知我清澈不变。

   I am said to be like changeable water.Unexpectedly,my clarity will keep the same.

5. 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？

   There remains a friend coming from afar.Therefore,I feel prettydelighted.

英译汉：

1. There will be televion chat shows hosted by robots,and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.

   会有机器人主持的电视聊天节目，也会有带污染监测器的汽车，当你的汽车尾气排放超标时，这些检测器会使汽车不能工作。

2. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes for pictures or music was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.

   达尔文认为，对绘画或者音乐失去兴趣不但使他失去了快乐，而且可能对他的智力造成损害，更可能对他的道德品质产生影响。

3. Questions seem mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequences in the future.

   这些问题似乎主要通过支持一定数量的研究来得到有效的解决，这些研究和直接目标没有关系，但是和将来可能产生的结果有关系。

4. As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,and their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available whem needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

   随着家人搬离他们稳定的社区，他们多年的朋友和他们的大家庭关系，这种非正式的信息流就被切断了，当需要是就能得到这些可靠的和令人信服的信息的信心，也随之一切被切断了。

Part 3

名词（短语）和名词性从句

成分

名词短语分别可以做 主语 宾语 表语 同位语

严格上名词也可以做定语，将在定语从句中展开

名词性从句

根据名词所代表的内容可以确定：

主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句

同位语

1. English is playing a key role in our communicating with others.

English,a world language,is playing a key role in our communicating with others.

2. A boy writes the name of Beckham on his face.

A boy-a crazy football fan-writes the name of Beckham,quite a well-known superstar,on his face.

根据比较可知，通常用逗号，破折号来添加同位语成分，并且两者再说同一个事物，类似于补充说明。

分类

在做分类前：首先应该提出，句子通常有：陈述句，一般疑问句，特殊疑问句

但是在从句中，都应该是陈述语序，即"引导词+主语+谓语"。

that：当从句是陈述句时。需要注意的是that在从句中不充当成分，也没有实义。在不影响句子意思的情况下，宾语从句的引导词 that 可以省略。

whether/if：当从句是一般疑问句时。whether/if在从句中不充当成分，意思为：是否。且whether可以引导所有的名词性从句，而 if 只能引导宾语从句。

特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时，特殊疑问词通常无法省略

常见的连接副词：when where why how

常见的连接代词：who whom what which whose

主语从句

基本结构：

引导词+从句+主句除主语之外部分

主语从句会因为主语部分太冗长，给人一种头重脚轻的感觉，这就需要用形式主语来调整

That she succeeded in finding a friend makes me happy.

It makes me happy that she succeeded in finding a friend.

总结：

It is common knowledge that： ~ ~ 是一个常识

It is my belief that：我认为 ~ ~

It is self-evident that： ~ ~ 是显而易见的

It has been found that：人们已经发现 ~ ~

It is beyond dispute that： ~ ~ 是毋庸置疑的

It is universally acknowledged that：人们普遍认为/众所周知 ~ ~

It has been widely accepted that：人们普遍认为/众所周知 ~ ~

It is generally agreed that：人们普遍认为/众所周知 ~ ~

不仅在从句中作主语时，当不定式，动名词，为了保证句子保持平衡，避免句式结构混乱，也可以用it做形式主语

1. It+is+adj./n+to do sth.

2. It+v.+to do sth.

3. It's+adj./n+doing sth.

同位语从句

同位语从句中，从句部分通常是对主句中某一成分进一步的详细阐述。

1. The truth that nobody can become brilliant(明亮的，才华横溢的) without endeavors is ignored by a sea of men.

2. Nothing can hide the truth that she is growing old.

3. The evidence that many girls have worn attractive skirts manifests that summer is coming.

4. Scientists have reached the conclusion that the temperature on earth will get higher and higher.

总结

The evidence/truth that ~ ~ manifests/indicates/suggests that ~ ~

这个 ~ ~ 事实表明 ~ ~

The evidence that she has a pair of big eyes manifests that she is really a beauty.

Part 4

定语和定语从句

成分

1. 形容词(短语)作定语

2. 名词(短语)作定语

3. 介词短语作定语

4. 分词，不定式(非谓语)作定语

5. 从句作定语

位置

定语的位置一般遵循前小后大的原则

单个单词修饰名词时常在前面

多个单词修饰名词时常在后面

特殊的，过去分词修饰时放在后面：He is a man abandoned.

构成

先行词+引导词+分句

引导词（2+1）（前两项构成成分+副词不够成成分）

先行词是人：who whom whose

先行词是物：that which whose

先行词时间：that which when

先行词地点：that which where

先行词原因：that which why

总结：一般情况下，that 都等同于 which

前者为我们划分了一个可选范围，但是还没有办法具体实行

1. 代词：

1.  主语：who  that  which
    
    
2.  宾语：whom

2. 副词：when where why

3. 形容词：whose

举个栗子

whose做定语：He is the man whose father is wealthy.

特殊情况

1. that 引导定语从句时，在充当宾语时，that可以省略。

2. 区分限制性定语从句和非限制定语从句：

   限制性定语从句：定语从句紧跟在先行词后，对先行词修饰，不能省略，省略后意义不完整。

   非限制性定语从句：对前面的先行词或者整个句子进行补充说明，即使省略也不影响总体意思，有逗号分隔。可以省略。

   非限制定语从句不用逗号，限制性定语从句用逗号。

   非限制定语从句可以用that，限制性定语从句不能用that。

   非限制定语从句中可省略 which/whom，限制性不可

   非限制不可修饰句子，限制可以

介词+关系代词 引导的定语从句

1. 替代关系：

   1. when=介词+关系代词

   2. where=介词+关系代词

   3. 先行词为reason时，用for which

2. 定语从句的谓语是固定搭配时：动词+介词，先行词做宾语

   This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.

3. 用于避免上下文过程中，语义重复。

4. 代词选择：

   修饰人：whom

   修饰物：which

   whose：用of witch/whom

5. 介词的选择：

   1. 从句中的谓语动词与介词的搭配：

      The girl for whom he had fought 2 years seems no longer important to him.

   2. 根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系：

      This is the farmyard on which my father has worked for 20 years.

   3. 形容词+介词与先行词的逻辑关系：

      English is the subject in our school in which every student is interested.

   4. 根据先行词与句子的意思来确定：

      <u style="box-sizing: border-box;">The colorless gas</u> without which we can not live <u style="box-sizing: border-box;">is called oxygen</u>.

固定搭配

1. the same ~ ~ as：像 ~ ~ 一样的

2. the same ~ ~ that：正是 ~ ~

   Mr.Wei is the same man as I love.

   Mr.Wei is the same man that I love.

   第一句：我喜欢像魏先生一样的人

   第二句：我喜欢的人正是魏先生。😗

3. as 和 which 引导的非限制定语从句：

   1. 相同点：两者都可以修饰非限制定语从句。

   2. 不同点：

      1. as 引导非限制定语从句，位置上没有要求，which 只能放在所修饰的句子的后面。

      2. as 后面紧跟的是 be 动词，而 which 后面可以用任何类型的动词。

which & that

两者常是可互相替换的，但是具体问题上会有区别：

1. 用 which 的情况：

   1. 引导非限制性定语从句

   2. 用在介词后作宾语时，通常用 which

2. 用 that 的情况：

   1. 先行词是不定代词：much、little、none、all、few、every(thing)、any(thing)、no(thing)

   2. 当主句以 here、there 开头

   3. 当先行词被 the only、the same、the very 等限定词修饰

   4. 当先行词被 any、few、little、no、all、much、some

   5. 当先行词被序数词，最高级修饰时

   6. 当先行词是疑问代词：who、which、what或主句以这些词开头时

   7. 当先行词既有人又有物的时候

区分定语从句和同位语从句

印象中我自己尝试分析过一次，那次不算 🉑

句子👇

1. I had a dream that was definitely sweet.

2. I had a dream that I would become a rich lady someday.

1. 相同点：构成相同，都是 先行词+引导词+分句

2. 不同点：

   1. 对于引导词 that：1中，that在从句中充当主语；2 中，that 不做成分

   2. 句子意思：1 中，如何的梦；2 中，梦，梦中发生了什么

   3. 所以，1 是定语从句；2 是同位语

Part 5

状语和状语从句

状语

含义

状语：在句子中，用来修饰实义动词，形容词，副词或者整个句子成分。

成分

1. 副词：She smiles sweetly.

2. 副词短语：I tried again and again.

3. 介词短语：He runs fast like a creay dog.

4. 分词、不定式：He leaves,crying.

5. 从句：I will return the book as soon as I have read it.

位置

In Chongqing,I am now working.

I am now working in Chongqing.

I am now in Chongqing working.

状语从句

构成

引导词+状语从句+,+主语

主句+引导词+状语从句

引导词 按分类 共9种

If 引导的条件状语从句

When 引导的时间状语从句

Because 引导的原因状语从句

·······

时态

主句过去===>主句，从句都可以使用想用的过去时态。

主句将来===>主句用一般将来，从句用一般现在

主句将来完成===>主句使用将来完成，从句用现在完成

九大状语从句

1.时间状语从句

引导词：

普通引导词：when as while once as soon as before after since not ~ ~ until until/till

名词短语：the moment every time the day the instant

副词：immediately directly no sooner ~ ~ than hardly ~ ~ when scarcely ~ ~ when

when\while\as 区别：

when 引导的从句：谓语动词可是延续，或者非延续，表示，当 ~ ~ 时

while 引导的从句：谓语动词必须非延续，表示，在 ~ ~ 时，或者表示对比，你喜欢A，而我喜欢B

as 引导的从句：谓语动词延续动词，表示，一边 ~ ~ ，一边，用于主句和从句同时发生，或者表示，随着 ~

no sooner ~ ~ than & hardly ~ ~ when 引导的时间状语从句

表示 一 ~ ~ 就 ~ ~

时态：主句过去完成，从句一般过去

when 引导时间状语从句的特殊用法：

When I was a little girl,I loved Jeff so much.

分析：When 引导时间状语从句，当从句和主句一直，并且从句中的谓语中有 be 动词，此时从句中的主语和 be 动词可以一起省略。

When a little girl,I loved Jeff so much.

until & not ~ ~ until 的区别

I will wait here until you come.

I will not leave until you come.

用来保证适应于不同的谓语动词，延续和非延续的。

提问✋什么是非谓语结构？忘了？建议一句话中可以有多个动词么

2.地点状语从句

引导词：

where

wherever anywhere everywhere

where 引导的地点状语从句和定语从的区别与转换：

1. 区分方法

   where 是否指代前面的先行词：是，定语从句；否，状语从句

   1. I find my phone where I had lost it.

   2. This is the house where I lived two years ago.

2. 转换

   状从：We will start where we left off.

   定从：We will start at the point where we left off.

3.原因状语从句

引导词

Because since as for

seeing that now that in that considering that given that as much as so much as

owing to（句首） due to（句末）

4.目的状语从句

引导词

so that in order that

动词不定式表示目的：to in order to so as to

5.结果状语从句

引导词

so that so ~ ~ that such ~ ~ that

to the degree that to the extent that to such a degree that

区别

so that：引导目的状语从句，结果状语从句

引导前者，与情态动词连用：I hurried through my work so that I could be on time for the TV.

引导后者，不连用：We moved to the country so that we were away from the noisy city.

so ~ ~ that：三种句式，表示：太 ~ ~ 以至于

so+adj./adv.+that

so+many/much/few/little+n.+that

so+adj.+a/an+[C]+that

such ~ ~ that：

such+a/an+adj.+[C]+that

such+adj.+[C]s/[U]+that

6.条件状语从句

引导词

if unless(if not)

as/so long as(只要) only if(只要) providing/provided that(假如) supposing(that)(假如) in case that(以防) on condition that(如果)

7.让步状语从句

引导词

though although even if even though

as while(虽然，句首) no matter(无论) in spite of the fact that(尽管) whatever whoever whenever however whichever

8.方式状语从句

引导词

as as if as though

the way

by through in ~ ~ way in ~ ~ manner

9.比较状语从句

引导词

as than

the more ~ ~ the more ~ ~ more than more ~ ~ than ~ ~ not so much ~ ~ as ~ ~ =not even(甚至不)

常见用法

1. as ~ ~ as ~ ~ 原级比较，类似于so ~ ~ that ~ ~ ：English proves as essential as air and water,which plays a key role in our daily life.

2. the more ~ ~ the more 越 ~ ~ ，越 ~ ~ ：The harder one works,the luchier he will feel.

3. more than：

1.  后加名词，动词，翻译成，不仅仅是
    
    
2.  后加形容词，翻译成，非常
    
    
3.  后加数词，翻译成，多于，超过

4. not so much ~ ~ as ~ ~ ：He can not so much as sing a song.

5. not so much A as B 与其说A，倒不如说B：He is not so much a teacher as a poet.

6. more A than B：与其说B，不如说A：He is more a poet than a teacher.

状语从句转换为分词作状语

If winter comes,spring will arrive soon.

去掉 if，Winter comes,spring will arrive soon.

oh，这是两个句子，继续，改变动词的形态，熟悉不熟悉，还记得要你看的非谓语结构么

Winter coming,spring will arrive soon.

对于，非谓语部分的主语和后面的句子主义一致的，可以再省略主语。

When I was a little girl,I was especially eager to grow up.

Being a little girl,I was especially eager to grow up.

总结：分词主语与主句不同时，我们称为，独立主格。相同时，就是非谓语动词做状语。

区分定语从句和状语从句

He smiled when he saw me. 时间状语从句

The woman who saw her son smiled immediately.定语从句

I loved the man when I met him.时间状语从句

I love a boy in the kindergarten.

在翻译上：

1. 定语从句：我爱上了一个幼儿园的小男生

2. 状语从句：在幼儿园，我爱上了一个小男生

都没有语法错误，都可以，在没有语境下，一般优先定语从句的判定。

区分 when 引导的从句

I was singing when she came in.

I still remember that day when you promised you would love me forever.

如果When之前，表示时间，一般是定语从句，When表示，当时，这时，届时

如果When之前，表示不是时间，通常为状语从句，When前置，译作，当 ~ ~ 的时候。

于是：当她进来的时候，我在唱歌。我仍记得那天，当时你会承诺会爱我一辈子。

总结

到这里，我们的基本句子，从句，成分就结束了。

成分

主干成分：主语 谓语 宾语 表语

修饰成分：定语 状语 补语 同位语

主干，句子中必有；修饰，丰富句子，选有。

（状语），主语（定语、同位语、插入语）+谓语（时态，语态，情态）+宾语/表语（定语、同位语、状语）

as 专述

1. as+名词：介词。译作：作为

   As a result,the support for ambition as a healthy impulse,------

2. 动词+名词+as：介词。与动词连用

   regard as view as define as classify as

3. as 引导定语从句

4. as 引导状语从句

Part 6

强调句式

含义

强调句本身是无意义的，也不做句子中的成分，他们只是一个框架，想要强调那一部分就将内容放在句式中。

构成

It is ~ ~ that/who ~ ~ .

that 可以指人，也可以指物，但是 who 指人。

既然他属于框架句型，强调部分不能允许有任何修改。但是需要注意，一般不能强调谓语，而且遵循主句中的时态，即，要么 is，要么 was。

区别

看到 It is 我们总是感觉好熟悉，之前的主语从句用过的，

所以，区分两者的key 是，去掉 It is ~ ~ that ~ ~ 之后句子的完整性，

如果完整，强调句；如果成分残缺，主语从句。

应用

There exist numerous factors here to account for the phenomenon.

It is to account for the phenomenon that there exist numerous factors here.

倒装

⭐️说明一下，文章依据刘晓艳老师的考研英语教材。书中提出了，依据考研，多以部分倒装为主，下文亦是

用法

1. 否定词放句首用倒装：

I have never been to other countries except Japan.



倒装：Never have I been to other countries except Japan.

2. so(表肯定)，nor/neither(表否定)位于句首，表名承前句子的肯定或否定时用倒装：

My husband can speak Japanese.I can speak Japanese,too.



倒装：My husband can speak Japanese,and so can I.



The eldest son was not hospitable to his father.And the other sons did not say a word of welcome either.



倒装：The eldest son was not hospitable to his father,and the neither did the other three sons.

3. 含有 so ~ ~ that ~ ~ 结构的句子将 so 引导的部分置于句首时用倒装：

He was so excited that he cannot help laughing at midnight.



So excited was he that he cannot help laughing at midnight.

4. only 引出的状语位于句首时用倒装：

His girlfriend called his name only once.



倒装：Only once did his girlfriend call his name.

5. as 引导让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首构成倒装：

As I look ugly,I am quite gentle.



倒装：Ugly as I look,I am quite gentle.

6. 省略if的虚拟语气用倒装(下一个部分在提及)

虚拟语气

含义

当表示与事实相反的或虚假的、难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气。有时也表达主观愿望、建议或者某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。

一般用法

由 if 引导的条件句可以改写成虚拟语气：

If you are a tear in my eyes,I will never shed it.

If I was a dog last night,I could sleep beside you.

以上为 if 引导的条件句，只需要将已经写好的句子的时态变成过去时。

If you were a tear in my eyes,I would never shed it.

对于第二个句子，已经是过去式了，则用过去完成时，had+done，而could sleep中，could没有过去式，只能调整 sleep，但是could后面加动词原型，所以could have done

If I had been a dog last night,I could have slept beside you.

1. 对现在和将来的虚拟：

主句用 would+do；从句用一般过去时。

2. 对过去的虚拟：

主句用 could have done；从句用过去完成时。

3. 虚拟语气中，所有be 动词过去式通常为 were，不用was；would=could=might

🌛If most of youngsters fail to be confident,the whole society will pay a heavy price.

🌜If most of youngsters failed to be confident,the whole society would pay a heavy price.

🌓If every university student indulges i surfing on the Internet,it wil be hard for them to gradute smoothly.

🌗If ervery university student indulged in surfing on the Internet,it would be hard for them to gradute smoonthly.

🌔If I followed my mother at the beginning,I could have a brilliant future.

🌒If I had followed my mother at the beginning,I could have had a brilliant future.

特殊用法

1. 一下情况从句用 should+动词原形 表示虚拟，并且should可以省略

   以防：in case that for fear that lest

   命令：order direct command

   建议：suggest require demand

   必要/紧急的：It is necessary/important/urgent that

   My boyfriend asked me that I should lose my weight as quickly as possible.

   It is necessary that universities should take urgent steps to attach importance to the issue of mental health of university students.

2. 从句用过去时表示虚拟

   would rather It is high time that

   I would rather you were happier than I.

   It is high time that we poured attention into the issue and took necessary actions.

3. 区别对待

   把本来的时态变成相应的过去时，类似于if

   with if only but for or/otherwise as if/as though

   I wish I will be your angel and protect you

   I wish I would be your angel and protect you.

4. 虚拟语气的倒装(上一部分漏掉的)

   if 引导虚拟条件句时，如果从句中有were/had/should 可以省略 if 用 were/had/should+主语

   If I were at school again,I would study better.

   Were I at school again,I would study better.

   If I had I followed my mother at the beginning,I could have had a brilliant future.

插入语

含义

插入语是指在句子中的词语或者句子，常用破折号或逗号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的联系。

常用于附加解释，说明或者总结；有时也表达说话人的态度看法；有时起到强调作用；有时承上启下。

用法

1. 副词做插入语

   undoubtedly indeed surely obviously briefly actually furthermore besides additionally

   similarly exactly

2. 介词做插入语

   for my part from my perspective in short on the contray in other words in a some sense in general in one's opinon in conclusion inreality as a mater fo fact to be sure in addition

   in return as a consequence/result

3. 不定式短语做插入语

   to be frank to tell you the truth to be honest to be sure to make the matter worse

4. 分句做插入语

   I believe I suppose I'm afraid what's more you know that is (to say) as far as I know

   as far as I'm concerned believe it or not

5. 现在分词短语做插入语

   honestly speaking generally speaking strictly speaking

The End