笔者的话
学或者不学，它都在那里，都会给你意想不到的生活体验
既然子曾经曰过，学以致用，一旦社会进步，职业的方向逐渐专业化而且需要深造时候。
朋友，秉烛夜读，捧书钻研，也是件何乐而不为的好事。让学习这项事业进行到底吧！
Learning and earning
Equipping people to stay ahead of technological change
It is easy to say that people need to keep learning throughout their careers. The practicalities are daunting
边赚钱边学习
技能提升 让自己在技术变化中立于有利地位
职业生涯中保持终身学习 说来容易做来难
From the print edition | Leaders
Jan 14th 2017
WHEN education fails to keep pace with technology, the result is inequality. Without the skills to stay useful as innovations arrive, workers suffer—and if enough of them fall behind, society starts to fall apart. That fundamental insight seized reformers in the Industrial Revolution, heralding state-funded universal schooling. Later, automation in factories and offices called forth a surge in college graduates. The combination of education and innovation, spread over decades, led to a remarkable flowering of prosperity.
当教育跟不上技术的步伐，最终导致不平等。当改革来临，缺乏各项有用技能的工人也会受挫。如果有太多人落伍，那么社会会开始分崩离析。工业革命时期改革者们深知这一点，预示出国家兴办的全民学校。之后，工厂和公司的自动化引发了大学毕业生的激增。教育和改革的结合，已经发展了数十年，也导致了引人注目的繁荣浪潮。
Today robotics and artificial intelligence call for another education revolution. This time, however, working lives are so lengthy and so fast-changing that simply cramming more schooling in at the start is not enough. People must also be able to acquire new skills throughout their careers.
今天，机器人和人工智能呼唤着另一个教育革命。不过，这一次人们的职业生涯更漫长，变化迅速，以至于初始阶段填鸭式教育已不够用。人们必须同时有着能力在整个职业生涯中掌握一些新能力。
Unfortunately, as our special report in this issue sets out, the lifelong learning that exists today mainly benefits high achievers—and is therefore more likely to exacerbate inequality than diminish it. If 21st-century economies are not to create a massive underclass, policymakers urgently need to work out how to help all their citizens learn while they earn. So far, their ambition has fallen pitifully short
不幸地，当我们特殊报告发出后，终生学习主要恩惠于成功人士，因此更有可能会加剧不平等，而不是减少不平等。如果21世纪经济体不打算生成一个庞大的社会底层，政治决策者们迫切地需要找到办法，帮助所有的公民在赚钱的时候同时学习。目前，他们的雄心壮志并没有激发起来。
Machines or learning
机器或者学习
The classic model of education—a burst at the start and top-ups through company training—is breaking down. One reason is the need for new, and constantly updated, skills. Manufacturing increasingly calls for brain work rather than metal-bashing (see Briefing). The share of the American workforce employed in routine office jobs declined from 25.5% to 21% between 1996 and 2015. The single, stable career has gone the way of the Rolodex.
起初集中学习，再不断在公司内部培训加以补充，这种经典的学习模式现在已经不起作用。其中一个原因就是人们需要获得一个新的技能，并持续更新。制造业渐渐要求脑力劳动，而不是体力劳动。从1996年到2015年，普通办公的美国劳动者比例从25.5%下降到21%。单一，稳定的工作已经从名片架中下架了。
Pushing people into ever-higher levels of formal education at the start of their lives is not the way to cope. Just 16% of Americans think that a four-year college degree prepares students very well for a good job. Although a vocational education promises that vital first hire, those with specialised training tend to withdraw from the labour force earlier than those with general education—perhaps because they are less adaptable.
让人们在年轻的时候接受更高的正规教育已经是不奏效了。只有16%的美国人认为，四年大学毕业就能找到好工作了。尽管职业教育保证了至关重要的首次招聘，但是那些收到过特殊培训的人往往比受过通识教育的人更早退出劳动力---也是因为他们适应能力不够强。
At the same time on-the-job training is shrinking. In America and Britain it has fallen by roughly half in the past two decades. Self-employment is spreading, leaving more people to take responsibility for their own skills. Taking time out later in life to pursue a formal qualification is an option, but it costs money and most colleges are geared towards youngsters.
与此同时，当在职培训日渐减少，美国英国的专门培训，较过去20年已经缩减了一半。自我创业正在扩大，让更多人对自己的技能承担起责任。在年纪大一些时候再花时间获取一个正规文凭是一个选择，但是这笔花费挺高，而且大多数校园都面向年轻人开放。
The market is innovating to enable workers to learn and earn in new ways. Providers from General Assembly to Pluralsight are building businesses on the promise of boosting and rebooting careers. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have veered away from lectures on Plato or black holes in favour of courses that make their students more employable. At Udacity and Coursera self-improvers pay for cheap, short programmes that bestow “microcredentials” and “nanodegrees” in, say, self-driving cars or the Android operating system. By offering degrees online, universities are making it easier for professionals to burnish their skills. A single master’s programme from Georgia Tech could expand the annual output of computer-science master’s degrees in America by close to 10%.
市场正在创新，让员工能够以新的方式学习和工作。包括美国的编程学校General Assembly和软件开发在线教育平台Pluralsight 在内的服务商正在打着强化和重启职业的旗号建立自己的培训服务。大型开放式网络课程（moocs）慕课已经不爱将柏拉图或者黑洞，而是转向让学生更容易找到工作的课程。在尤达学院和coursera，自学者可以购买便宜，简短的课程，获得比如自动驾驶行车或者安卓操作系统的‘微证书’和‘纳米学位’。通过在网上获得学位，许多大学让更多专业人士更简单地提升自己的技能。乔治理工学院的一项硕士项目每年能让计算机系硕士学位的授予量增加到近10%。
Such efforts demonstrate how to interleave careers and learning. But left to its own devices, this nascent market will mainly serve those who already have advantages. It is easier to learn later in life if you enjoyed the classroom first time around: about 80% of the learners on Coursera already have degrees. Online learning requires some IT literacy, yet one in four adults in the OECD has no or limited experience of computers. Skills atrophy unless they are used, but many low-end jobs give workers little chance to practise them.
这个努力展示了如何将职业和学习结合起来。但是如果放任自流，这一新生市场主要服务于那些已经掌握优势的人。如果你初次对喜欢的课程抱有兴趣，那么长大以后在学习就会容易一些。在线学习需要一点信息技术知识，而在四位来自经济合作与发展组织成员国中的一员从没接触过计算局或者对其了解有限。技能不用就会退化，但是许多低端的工作没有给劳动工人太多练习的机会。
Shampoo technician wanted
洗发工徒招聘
If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical. Because education is a public good whose benefits spill over to all of society, governments have a vital role to play—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely.
如果学习新方法帮助了最急需的人，政治决策者应制定更激进的目标。因为教育是一种公共服务，整个社会都能从中获益，政府发挥了其中重要职能--不只要大量投入，而且要花的物有所值。
Lifelong learning starts at school. As a rule, education should not be narrowly vocational. The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. A focus on “metacognition” will make them better at picking up skills later in life.
终生学习始于学校。常规而言，教育不局限于职业教育。学校课程应当教会孩子们如何学习思考。对“元认知”的关注将让他们在今后的人生中更好地掌握技能
But the biggest change is to make adult learning routinely accessible to all. One way is for citizens to receive vouchers that they can use to pay for training. Singapore has such “individual learning accounts”; it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on courses from 500 approved providers. So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days.
但是最大的改变在于，如何让所有人可以正常获得接受或成人教育的机会。一个办法就是向公民提供可用于支付培训费的代金券。新加坡就有这样的“个人学习账户”，他向25岁以上的学员提供代金券，以便他们能选修500项获得批准课程中的任何一项课。目前为止，每位公民只有几百美元，但这只是刚开始那几天而已。
Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. But industry can help by steering people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant. Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees’ tuition costs. Trade unions can play a useful role as organisers of lifelong learning, particularly for those—workers in small firms or the self-employed—for whom company-provided training is unlikely. A union-run training programme in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left.
这些纳税人买单的课程有可能遭受到浪费。但是业界能提供帮助，引导人们学习它所需要的技能，并且与慕课（MOOCs）以及大学合作来设计有意义的课程。公司也可以鼓励其学员学习。作为一家电信公司，美国电话电报公司希望让其员工具备数字功能。它每年花费三千万用于报销雇员学费。工会也可以扮演有用的角色，成为终身学习的组织者，尤其是对那些小公司员工或者创业者而言--因为他们难以获得公司提供的培训。在英国，一家工会经营的培训项目获得了来自左右翼政党的支持
To make all this training worthwhile, governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. Rather than asking for 300 hours’ practice to qualify to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.
为了让所有这些培训者真正有价值，政府应当大力取消对许可证的要求以及其他会阻碍新手取得职位的规定。例如，与其要求300小时练习才能好偶的洗发师资格认证，田纳西州应当让理发师自己决定谁是最佳未来员工人员。
Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting jobs market. Those most at risk of technological disruption are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less “masculine” roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all adults must have access to flexible, affordable training. The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning advances in education. That should be the scale of the ambition today.
并非每个人都能转换工作。那些受技术冲击风险最大的是蓝领工人，他们中很多拒绝接受这种快速发展工业中缺少‘男子气概’的工作，比如医疗。但是为了让落后的人减少到最低程度，所有成年人必须能获得灵活的，费用付得起的培训。19世纪和20世纪见证了教育的突飞猛进。今日也当有此雄心。
翻译词汇解析，语法解析
