一、安装

1：安装php
     PHP >= 7.1.3
     PHP Extension
      OpenSSL 、PDO、Mbstring、Tokenizer 、XML 、Ctype 、JSON 、BCMath 
2：安装composer

中文网链接

3：加载安装项目、初始化框架
    //https://packagist.org/packages/laravel/installer
    composer global require laravel/installer
    laravel new blog
4：简单指令
      php artisan serve 启动服务
      php artisan list 查看指令列表

二、目录结构

 app  项目主要业务逻辑
 bootstrap  引导
 config 配置文件
 database 
 public 入口文件目录
 resources 前端资源包括视图
 routes 路由
 storage 项目临时文件存储目录
 tests 单元测试
 vendor composer安装依赖目录

三、配置文件

1：.env文件，不要纳入版本控制，不同环境采用不同配置
2：程序获取、设置配置文件
  $value = config('app.timezone');
  config(['app.timezone' => 'America/Chicago']);
3：设置、清理配置缓存
  php artisan config:cache
  php artisan config:clear
4：维护模式
  php artisan down
  php artisan down --message="Upgrading Database" --retry=60
  php artisan down --allow=127.0.0.1 --allow=192.168.0.0/16
  php artisan up
  维护模式模板：resources/views/errors/503.blade.php

四、上线优化

  1：自动加载优化
  composer install --optimize-autoloader --no-dev
  2：配置文件缓存
  php artisan config:cache
  3：路由规则缓存
  php artisan route:cache

五、路由规则

 1：简单返回
Route::get('foo', function () {
    return 'Hello World';
});
2：调用具体Controller Action
  Route::get('/user', 'UserController@index');
3：HTTP六种请求方式
  Route::get($uri, $callback);
  Route::post($uri, $callback);
  Route::put($uri, $callback);
  Route::patch($uri, $callback);
  Route::delete($uri, $callback);
  Route::options($uri, $callback);
4：同时支持 get和post
  Route::match(['get', 'post'], '/', function () {
    //
  });
5：支持任一一种方式
  Route::any('foo', function () {
    //
  });
6：跳转
 默认302跳转
  Route::redirect('/here', '/there'); 
指定跳转状态码
  Route::redirect('/here', '/there', 301);
7：调用模板
    Route::view('/welcome', 'welcome');
    Route::view('/welcome', 'welcome', ['name' => 'Taylor']);
8：路由参数
    参数由{}包围，不能有-中划线，中划线用_下划线代替
    Route::get('user/{id}', function ($id) {
      return 'User '.$id;
    });
   可选参数
   Route::get('user/{name?}', function ($name = null) {
      return $name;
    });
  正则校验
  Route::get('user/{name}', function ($name) {
   //
   })->where('name', '[A-Za-z]+');
  Route::get('user/{id}', function ($id) {
  //
  })->where('id', '[0-9]+');
  Route::get('user/{id}/{name}', function ($id, $name) {
  //
  })->where(['id' => '[0-9]+', 'name' => '[a-z]+']);
  匹配任一字符 包括斜杠
  Route::get('search/{search}', function ($search) {
    return $search;
  })->where('search', '.*');
  全局校验
  /app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php
9：路由命名
  Route::get('user/profile', 'UserProfileController@show')->name('profile');
  $url = route('profile');
  简单跳转
  return redirect()->route('profile');
  判断当前路由名称
  if ($request->route()->named('profile')) {
    //
  }
10：路由分组
  1：中间件
    Route::middleware(['first', 'second'])->group(function () {
      Route::get('/', function () {
        // Uses first & second Middleware
      });
      Route::get('user/profile', function () {
      // Uses first & second Middleware
      });
    });
 2：命名空间
  Route::namespace('Admin')->group(function () {
      // Controllers Within The "App\Http\Controllers\Admin" Namespace
  });
 3：子域名
  Route::domain('{account}.myapp.com')->group(function () {
    Route::get('user/{id}', function ($account, $id) {
    //
    });
  });
11：路由前缀
  Route::prefix('admin')->group(function () {
    Route::get('users', function () {
    // Matches The "/admin/users" URL
    });
  });
12：路由命名前缀
  Route::name('admin.')->group(function () {
    Route::get('users', function () {
    // Route assigned name "admin.users"...
    })->name('users');
  });
13：路由和model绑定
    隐式绑定
    Route::get('api/users/{user}', function (App\User $user) {
      return $user->email;
    });
    如果不是主键ID,model文件方法
    public function getRouteKeyName()
    {
      return 'slug';
    }
    显式绑定
    RouteServiceProvider
    public function boot()
    {
        parent::boot();
        Route::model('user', App\User::class);
     }
      Route::get('profile/{user}', function (App\User $user) {
        //
      });
 14：无法匹配
    Route::fallback(function () {
      //
    });
  15：限制访问频率
  每分钟允许访问60次
  Route::middleware('auth:api', 'throttle:60,1')->group(function () {
    Route::get('/user', function () {
    //
    });
  });
  动态设置限制
  Route::middleware('auth:api', 'throttle:rate_limit,1')->group(function () {
      Route::get('/user', function () {
      //
      });
  });
 16：获取Route信息
    $route = Route::current();
    $name = Route::currentRouteName();
    $action = Route::currentRouteAction();

六、控制器

1：唯一Action
public function __invoke($id)
{
    return view('user.profile', ['user' => User::findOrFail($id)]);
}
对应路由规则
Route::get('user/{id}', 'ShowProfile');
创建指令
php artisan make:controller ShowProfile --invokable
2：中间件
  class UserController extends Controller
  {
    /**
     * Instantiate a new controller instance.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function __construct()
    {
      $this->middleware('auth');
      $this->middleware('log')->only('index');
      $this->middleware('subscribed')->except('store');
    }
   }
3：资源型Controller
    php artisan make:controller /Test/PhotoController --resource
    配合route
    Route::resource('photos', 'PhotoController');
    一次添加多个
    Route::resources([
        'photos' => 'PhotoController',
        'posts' => 'PostController'
    ]);
    所有Action
    Verb           URI               Action       Route Name
    GET         /photos              index        photos.index
    GET         /photos/create       create       photos.create
    POST        /photos              store        photos.store
    GET         /photos/{photo}      show         photos.show
    GET         /photos/{photo}/edit edit         photos.edit
    PUT/PATCH   /photos/{photo}      update       photos.update
    DELETE      /photos/{photo}      destroy      photos.destroy
    开放部分请求方式
    Route::resource('photos', 'PhotoController')->only([
        'index', 'show'
    ]);
    Route::resource('photos', 'PhotoController')->except([
        'create', 'store', 'update', 'destroy'
    ]);
    api型
    Route::apiResource('photos', 'PhotoController');
    php artisan make:controller API/PhotoController --api
    依赖注入
    构造函数注入
    public function __construct(UserRepository $users)
    {
        $this->users = $users;
    }
    方法注入
    public function store(Request $request)
    {
        $name = $request->name;
        //
    }
    请求处理
    默认参数经过 App\Http\Kernel 加载的中间件处理，过滤了前后空格和将空数据转为null
    接收参数
    $name = $request->input('name');
    获取路径 不含域名部分
    $uri = $request->path();
    获取url,不含参数部分
    $url = $request->url();
    $url = $request->fullUrl();
    判断url
    if ($request->is('admin/*')) {
      //
    }
    //获取请求方法
    $method = $request->method();
    if ($request->isMethod('post')) {
      //
    }
    //获取全部请求数据
    $input = $request->all();
    $input = $request->input();
    赋予默认参数
    $name = $request->input('name', 'Sally');
    数组型参数
    $name = $request->input('products.0.name');
    $names = $request->input('products.*.name');
    get请求
    $name = $request->query('name');
    $name = $request->query('name', 'Helen');
    $query = $request->query();
    通过获取属性，获取请求参数
    $name = $request->name;
    获取json格式请求参数
    $name = $request->input('user.name');
    参数例外
    $input = $request->only(['username', 'password']);
    $input = $request->only('username', 'password');
    $input = $request->except(['credit_card']);
    $input = $request->except('credit_card');
    判断请求参数是否存在
    if ($request->has('name')) {
      //
    }
    接收非空请求参数，参数必须要有值
    if ($request->filled('name')) {
      //
    }
    将请求参数写入session保留
    $request->flash();
    获取保留的旧参数
    $username = $request->old('username');
    模板中使用旧参数
    <input type="text" name="username" value="{{ old('username') }}">
    cookies相关
    $value = $request->cookie('name');
    $value = Cookie::get('name');
    给返回添加cookie
    return response('Hello World')->cookie(
      'name', 'value', $minutes
    );
    文件
    $file = $request->file('photo');
    $file = $request->photo;
    if ($request->hasFile('photo')) {
      //
    }
    if ($request->file('photo')->isValid()) {
      //
    }
    $path = $request->photo->path();
    $extension = $request->photo->extension();
    $path = $request->photo->store('images');
    $path = $request->photo->store('images', 's3');
    $path = $request->photo->storeAs('images', 'filename.jpg');
    $path = $request->photo->storeAs('images', 'filename.jpg', 's3');
    配置受信任的代理
    当负载均衡服务器TLS / SSL证书过期，应用可能不会生成安全连接
     使用中间件  App\Http\Middleware\TrustProxies
    使用视图和传值
     return view('admin.profile', $data);
     return view('greeting')->with('name', 'Victoria');

七、视图

  1：判断视图是否存在
    if (View::exists('emails.customer')) {
      //
    }
  2：使用第一个视图
  return view()->first(['custom.admin', 'admin'], $data);
  use Illuminate\Support\Facades\View;
  return View::first(['custom.admin', 'admin'], $data);
  3：数据共用
  AppServiceProvider
  public function boot()
  {
      View::share('key', 'value');
  }
  
  4：表单CSRF(跨站请求伪造)校验
    <form method="POST" action="/profile">
      @csrf
      ...
    </form>
  5：HTML的form表单不支持 PUT、PATCH、DELETE
  <form action="/foo/bar" method="POST">
    <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="PUT">
    <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="{{ csrf_token() }}">
  </form>
 <form action="/foo/bar" method="POST">
    @method('PUT')
    @csrf
 </form>
  6：布局
  <!-- Stored in resources/views/layouts/app.blade.php -->
    <html>
        <head>
          <title>App Name - @yield('title')</title>
        </head>
        <body>
            @section('sidebar')
                This is the master sidebar.
                @show
            <div class="container">
              @yield('content')
            </div>
       </body>
    </html>
  <!-- Stored in resources/views/child.blade.php -->
      @extends('layouts.app')
      @section('title', 'Page Title')
      @section('sidebar')
          @parent
          <p>This is appended to the master sidebar.</p>
      @endsection
      @section('content')
          <p>This is my body content.</p>
      @endsection
    @endsection闭合标签，@show除了有@endsection的功能，还会立即生成内容
 组件
  弹窗
  <!-- /resources/views/alert.blade.php -->
  <div class="alert alert-danger">
        {{ $slot }}
  </div>
  @component('alert')
      <strong>Whoops!</strong> Something went wrong!
  @endcomponent
  带标题
  <div class="alert alert-danger">
  <div class="alert-title">{{ $title }}</div>
      {{ $slot }}
  </div>
  @component('alert')
      @slot('title')
          Forbidden
      @endslot
      You are not allowed to access this resource!
  @endcomponent
  或者如下传递参数
  @component('alert', ['foo' => 'bar'])
        ...
  @endcomponent
  关联组件路径，方便组件未在模板同目录下
  use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Blade;
  Blade::component('components.alert', 'alert');
  @alert(['type' => 'danger'])
      You are not allowed to access this resource!
  @endalert
 展示数据
  Route::get('greeting', function () {
      return view('welcome', ['name' => 'Samantha']);
  });
  Hello, {{ $name }}.
  使用php函数
  The current UNIX timestamp is {{ time() }}.
  强制不转义数据，默认 htmlspecialchars转义
  Hello, {!! $name !!}.
  输出JSON
  <script>
        var app = <?php echo json_encode($array); ?>;
  </script> 等同如下：
  <script>
      var app = @json($array);
  </script>
  流程控制
  @if (count($records) === 1)
      I have one record!
  @elseif (count($records) > 1)
      I have multiple records!
  @else
      I don't have any records!
  @endif
  
  @unless (Auth::check())
      You are not signed in.
  @endunless

  @isset($records)
      // $records is defined and is not null...
  @endisset

  @empty($records)
      // $records is "empty"...
  @endempty
  判断组件是否有内容
  @hasSection('navigation')
        <div class="pull-right">  
            @yield('navigation')
        </div>
        <div class="clearfix"></div>
  @endif
  分支语法
    @switch($i)
        @case(1)
            First case...
        @break
        @case(2)
            Second case...
        @break
        @default
            Default case...
  @endswitch
  循环
      @for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++)
            The current value is {{ $i }}
      @endfor
      @foreach ($users as $user)
          <p>This is user {{ $user->id }}</p>
      @endforeach
      @forelse ($users as $user)
          <li>{{ $user->name }}</li>
      @empty
          <p>No users</p>
      @endforelse 
      @while (true)
          <p>I'm looping forever.</p>
     @endwhile
      @foreach ($users as $user)
          @if ($user->type == 1)
              @continue
          @endif
          @continue($user->type == 1)
          <li>{{ $user->name }}</li>
          @if ($user->number == 5)
              @break
          @endif
      @endforeach
      @foreach ($users as $user)
        @if ($loop->first)
              This is the first iteration.
          @endif
          @if ($loop->last)
              This is the last iteration.
          @endif
      @endforeach
  循环嵌套，获取上一级循环数据
      @foreach ($users as $user)
          @foreach ($user->posts as $post)
              @if ($loop->parent->first)
                  This is first iteration of the parent loop.
              @endif
          @endforeach
      @endforeach
    $loop->index    The index of the current loop iteration (starts at 0).
    $loop->iteration    The current loop iteration (starts at 1).
    $loop->remaining    The iterations remaining in the loop.
    $loop->count    The total number of items in the array being iterated.
    $loop->first    Whether this is the first iteration through the loop.
    $loop->last Whether this is the last iteration through the loop.
    $loop->depth    The nesting level of the current loop.
    $loop->parent   When in a nested loop, the parent's loop variable.
注释
    {{-- This comment will not be present in the rendered HTML --}}
PHP代码
  @php
        //
  @endphp
引入子页面
    <div>
          @include('shared.errors')
          <form>
              <!-- Form Contents -->
          </form>
     </div>
  @include('view.name', ['some' => 'data'])
  @includeIf('view.name', ['some' => 'data'])  不确定模板是否存在
  @includeWhen($boolean, 'view.name', ['some' => 'data']) 根据判断是否加载
   @includeFirst(['custom.admin', 'admin'], ['some' => 'data'])

八、模型

1：数据库配置
主从
  'mysql' => [
'read' => [
    'host' => ['192.168.1.1'],
],
'write' => [
    'host' => ['196.168.1.2'],
],
'sticky'    => true,
'driver'    => 'mysql',
'database'  => 'database',
'username'  => 'root',
'password'  => '',
'charset'   => 'utf8mb4',
'collation' => 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
'prefix'    => '',
],
2：执行sql
<?php
  namespace App\Http\Controllers;
  use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
  use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
  class UserController extends Controller
  {
      /**
       * Show a list of all of the application's users.
       *
       * @return Response
       */
      public function index()
      {
          $users = DB::select('select * from users where active = ?', [1]);
          $results = DB::select('select * from users where id = :id', ['id' => 1]);
          DB::insert('insert into users (id, name) values (?, ?)', [1, 'Dayle']);
          $affected = DB::update('update users set votes = 100 where name = ?', ['John']);
          $deleted = DB::delete('delete from users');
          $deleted = DB::delete('delete from users');
          return view('user.index', ['users' => $users]);
      }
  }
3：事物
    DB::transaction(function () {
        DB::table('users')->update(['votes' => 1]);
        DB::table('posts')->delete();
    });
    处理死锁问题，五秒后抛异常
    DB::transaction(function () {
        DB::table('users')->update(['votes' => 1]);
        DB::table('posts')->delete();
    }, 5);
    自定义事物流程
    DB::beginTransaction();
    DB::rollBack();
    DB::commit();
4：查询
    返回一条数据
    $user = DB::table('users')->where('name', 'John')->first();
    返回一条记录的某个字段
    $email = DB::table('users')->where('name', 'John')->value('email');
    返回指定列
    $titles = DB::table('roles')->pluck('title');
    foreach ($titles as $title) {
        echo $title;
    }
5：创建model文件指令
  php artisan make:model Model/Test
  php artisan make:model Model/Test -m(表结构创建脚本)
  所在目录：/app/database/migrate
  php artisan migrate(执行全部的表结构脚本)                         
  php artisan migrate:reset  取消执行   
  基本方法：
  use App\Model\Test AS Test;
  //根据主键查询
  $obj = Test::find(2);
  $obj = Test::find([1, 2]);
  //查询第一条
  $obj = Test::first();
  //查询所有
  $all = Test::all();
  //统计总数 count, sum, max, min
  $num = Test::count();
  $maxId = Test::max('id');
   //条件查询
    $resArrr = Test::where('state', '=', 1)
    //                        '=', '<', '>', '<=', '>=', '<>', '!=', '<=>',
    //                        'like', 'like binary', 'not like', 'ilike',
    //                        '&', '|', '^', '<<', '>>',
    //                        'rlike', 'regexp', 'not regexp',
    //                        '~', '~*', '!~', '!~*', 'similar to',
    //                        'not similar to', 'not ilike', '~~*', '!~~*',
                    ->orderBy('id', 'desc')
                    ->skip(1)//offset
                    ->take(2)//limit
                    ->get();
    //大批量数据处理 每次处理200条
    Test::chunk(200, function ($all) {
        foreach ($all as $item) {
            //
        }
    });
    //上千条sql合并为一个sql处理
    foreach (Test::cursor() as $item) {
        //
    }
    //新增
    $model = new Test;
    $model->name = 'test';
    $model->state = 1;
    $model->save();
    
    $model = Test::create(['name' => 'create', 'state' => 1]);
    // 加上对应的字段
    protected $fillable = ['name', 'state'];
    //修改
    $model = Test::find(1);
    $model->name = 'update';
    $model->state = 1;
    $model->save();
    //多条修改
    Test::where('state', 1)->update(['state' => 1]);
    //删除
    $obj = Test::find(1)->delete();
    //软删除
    <?php
    namespace App;
    use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
    use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;
    class Flight extends Model
    {
        use SoftDeletes;
        /**
         * The attributes that should be mutated to dates.
         *
         * @var array
         */
        protected $dates = ['deleted_at'];
    }
    Schema::table('flights', function (Blueprint $table) {
        $table->softDeletes();
    });
    //判断是否已删除
    if (Test::withTrashed()->find(1)->trashed()) {
        //
    }
    //只获取软删除的数据
    Test::onlyTrashed()->get()
    //获取包含软删除的数据
    Test::withTrashed()->get()
    //恢复软删除数据
    Test::onlyTrashed()->restore();
    //结果集处理
    转为数组
    Test::all()->toArray();
    常见支持方法：
    all、get、first、last、toArray、search、max、min、avg、sum、toJson
    详情：https://laravel.com/docs/5.7/eloquent-collections

九、返回

  基本
  Route::get('/', function () {
   return 'Hello World';
  });
  数据会自动JSON
  Route::get('/', function () {
      return [1, 2, 3];
  });
  返回对象
  Route::get('home', function () {
    return response('Hello World', 200)
              ->header('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
  });
 return response($content)
        ->withHeaders([
            'Content-Type' => $type,
            'X-Header-One' => 'Header Value',
            'X-Header-Two' => 'Header Value',
        ])
      ->cookie('name', 'value', $minutes);
重定向
Route::get('dashboard', function () {
    return redirect('home/dashboard');
});
返回，附带请求参数
Route::post('user/profile', function () {
    // Validate the request...
    return back()->withInput();
});
重定向到login名称的路由
return redirect()->route('login');
return redirect()->route('profile', ['id' => 1]);
重定向到指定页面
return redirect()->action('HomeController@index');
return redirect()->action(
    'UserController@profile', ['id' => 1]
);
return redirect()->away('https://www.google.com');
文件下载
return response()->download($pathToFile);
return response()->download($pathToFile, $name, $headers);
return response()->download($pathToFile)->deleteFileAfterSend();
流媒体下载
return response()->streamDownload(function () {
echo GitHub::api('repo')
            ->contents()
            ->readme('laravel', 'laravel')['contents'];
}, 'laravel-readme.md');
文件返回
return response()->file($pathToFile);
return response()->file($pathToFile, $headers);

十、命令行

 1：添加命令
    php artisan make:command SendEmails
 2：执行命令
  protected $signature = 'test';
  php artisan test
  protected $signature = 'test:user {user}';
  php artisan test:user lvxiaohu
  protected $signature = 'test:user {user*}';
  php artisan test:user lvxiaohu sunyin
 3：获取参数
  $userId = $this->argument('user');
  $arguments = $this->arguments();
 4：选项(非必须)
  protected $signature = 'test:user {user} {--id=*}';
  php artisan test:user lvxiaohu --id=1 --id=2
 5：提示输入
 $name = $this->ask('What is your name?');
 $password = $this->secret('What is the password?');
 $name = $this->anticipate('What is your name?', ['Taylor', 'Dayle']);
 $name = $this->choice('What is your name?', ['Taylor', 'Dayle'], 0);
 6：信息输出
  $this->info('Display this on the screen');
  $this->error('Something went wrong!');
  $this->line('Display this on the screen');
 7：进度
  $users = TestModel::all();
  $bar = $this->output->createProgressBar(count($users));
  $bar->start();
  foreach ($users as $user) {
        $this->performTask($user);
        $bar->advance();
  }
  $bar->finish();