5.5 课堂笔记

:Nginx web应用深入

1）Nginx功能模块化：

耦合度更低，易于管理。工作中做事学会低耦合。

SQA架构。RPC服务都属于低耦合的技术模式。

2）虚拟主机分类介绍（省略，看书）

3）实践基于域名的虚拟主机

[root@web02 ~]# cd /application/nginx/conf/

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# egrep -v "^$|#" nginx.conf.default >nginx.conf

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cat -n nginx.conf

1 worker_processes 1;

2 events {

3 worker_connections 1024;

4 }

5 http {

6 include mime.types;

7 default_type application/octet-stream;

8 sendfile on;

9 keepalive_timeout 65;

10 server {

11 listen 80;

12 server_name localhost;

13 location / {

14 root html;

15 index index.html index.htm;

16 }

17 error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;

18 location = /50x.html {

19 root html;

20 }

21 }

22 }

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cat -n nginx.conf

1 worker_processes 1;

2 events {

3 worker_connections 1024;

4 }

5 http {

6 include mime.types;

7 default_type application/octet-stream;

8 sendfile on;

9 keepalive_timeout 65;

10 server {

11 listen 80;

12 server_name www.etiantian.org;

13 location / {

14 root html/www;

15 index index.html index.htm;

16 }

17 }

18 }

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# mkdir ../html/www

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# echo "www.etiantian.org" >../html/www/index.html

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cat ../html/www/index.html

www.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cat /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4

::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

172.16.1.5 lb01

172.16.1.6 lb02

172.16.1.7 web01

172.16.1.8 web02

172.16.1.9 web03

172.16.1.31 nfs01

172.16.1.41 backup

172.16.1.51 db01 db01.etiantian.org

172.16.1.61 m01

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# echo "10.0.0.8 www.etiantian.org" >>/etc/hosts

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# tail -1 /etc/hosts

10.0.0.8 www.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# ping www.etiantian.org

PING www.etiantian.org (10.0.0.8) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from www.etiantian.org (10.0.0.8): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.050 ms

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# echo 'PATH="/application/nginx/sbin:$PATH"'

>>/etc/profile

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# . /etc/profile

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# echo $PATH

/application/nginx/sbin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# /application/nginx/sbin/nginx ^C

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -t

nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -s reload

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]#

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl www.etiantian.org

www.etiantian.org

WINDOWS下测试：

C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts

10.0.0.8 www.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cat -n nginx.conf

1 worker_processes 1;

2 events {

3 worker_connections 1024;

4 }

5 http {

6 include mime.types;

7 default_type application/octet-stream;

8 sendfile on;

9 keepalive_timeout 65;

10 server {

11 listen 80;

12 server_name www.etiantian.org;

13 location / {

14 root html/www;

15 index index.html index.htm;

16 }

17 }

18 server {

19 listen 80;

20 server_name bbs.etiantian.org;

21 location / {

22 root html/bbs;

23 index index.html index.htm;

24 }

25 }

26 server {

27 listen 80;

28 server_name blog.etiantian.org;

▽ 29 location / {

30 root html/blog;

31 index index.html index.htm;

32 }

33 }

34 }

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# mkdir ../html/{bbs,blog}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# echo "bbs.etiantian.org" >../html/bbs/index.html

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# echo "blog.etiantian.org" >../html/blog/index.html

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]#

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cat ../html/blog/index.html

blog.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cat ../html/bbs/index.html

bbs.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]#

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -t

nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -s reload

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]#

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# vim /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4

::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

172.16.1.5 lb01

172.16.1.6 lb02

172.16.1.7 web01

172.16.1.8 web02

172.16.1.9 web03

172.16.1.31 nfs01

172.16.1.41 backup

172.16.1.51 db01 db01.etiantian.org

172.16.1.61 m01

10.0.0.8 www.etiantian.org bbs.etiantian.org blog.etiantian.org

"/etc/hosts" 12L, 396C 已写入

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# ping bbs.etiantian.org

PING www.etiantian.org (10.0.0.8) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from www.etiantian.org (10.0.0.8): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.022 ms

64 bytes from www.etiantian.org (10.0.0.8): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.056 ms

--- www.etiantian.org ping statistics ---

2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1000ms

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.022/0.039/0.056/0.017 ms

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# ping blog.etiantian.org

PING www.etiantian.org (10.0.0.8) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from www.etiantian.org (10.0.0.8): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.228 ms

64 bytes from www.etiantian.org (10.0.0.8): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.029 ms

--- www.etiantian.org ping statistics ---

2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1001ms

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.029/0.128/0.228/0.100 ms

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]#

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl www.etiantian.org

www.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl bbs.etiantian.org

bbs.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl blog.etiantian.org

blog.etiantian.org

基于端口虚拟主机实践：

[root@web02 ~]# cd /application/nginx/conf/

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cp nginx.conf{,_BaseName}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# ls

fastcgi.conf index.html mime.types.default scgi_params win-utf

fastcgi.conf.default koi-utf nginx.conf scgi_params.default

fastcgi_params koi-win nginx.conf_BaseName uwsgi_params

fastcgi_params.default mime.types nginx.conf.default uwsgi_params.default

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# vim nginx.conf

keepalive_timeout 65;

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/www;

index index.html index.htm;

}

server {

listen 81;

server_name bbs.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/bbs;

index index.html index.htm;

}

server {

listen 82;

server_name blog.etiantian.org;

"nginx.conf" 34L, 753C 已写入

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# netstat -lntup|grep nginx

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14322/nginx:

master

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -t

nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -s reload

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# netstat -lntup|grep nginx

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14322/nginx:

master

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:81 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14322/nginx:

master

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:82 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14322/nginx:

master

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl www.etiantian.org

www.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl bbs.etiantian.org:81

bbs.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl bbs.etiantian.org

www.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl blog.etiantian.org:82

blog.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl blog.etiantian.org

www.etiantian.org

1）浏览器输入www.etiantian.org

2）找LDNS-授权DNS获取到IP。

3）请求服务器发起三次握手。

4）建立http请求。

（10.0.0.8 80）

5)发起HTTP请求报文。

（4）先匹配请求的端口。

（5）然后匹配Server标签域名

（6）把对应域名下面站点目录

下的首页文件发给客户端。

（7）如果没有匹配的域名，

就把第一个虚拟机

主机发给客户端

基于IP的虚拟主机：

[root@web02 ~]# ip addr add 10.0.0.9 dev eth0 label eth0:9

[root@web02 ~]# ip addr add 10.0.0.10 dev eth0 label eth0:10

[root@web02 ~]# ifconfig

eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500

inet 10.0.0.8 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.0.0.255

inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe12:170c prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>

ether 00:0c:29:12:17:0c txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)

RX packets 21765 bytes 18029629 (17.1 MiB)

RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

TX packets 12171 bytes 1426129 (1.3 MiB)

TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

eth0:9: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500

inet 10.0.0.9 netmask 255.255.255.255 broadcast 0.0.0.0

ether 00:0c:29:12:17:0c txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)

eth0:10: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500

inet 10.0.0.10 netmask 255.255.255.255 broadcast 0.0.0.0

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cat -n nginx.conf

1 worker_processes 1;

2 events {

3 worker_connections 1024;

4 }

5 http {

6 include mime.types;

7 default_type application/octet-stream;

8 sendfile on;

9 keepalive_timeout 65;

10 server {

11 listen 10.0.0.8:80;

12 server_name www.etiantian.org;

13 location / {

14 root html/www;

15 index index.html index.htm;

16 }

17 }

18 server {

19 listen 10.0.0.9:80;

20 server_name bbs.etiantian.org;

21 location / {

22 root html/bbs;

23 index index.html index.htm;

24 }

25 }

26 server {

27 listen 10.0.0.10:80;

28 server_name blog.etiantian.org;

29 location / {

30 root html/blog;

31 index index.html index.htm;

32 }

33 }

34 }

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -t

nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -s reload

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# netstat -lntup|grep nginx

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14322/nginx:

master

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:81 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14322/nginx:

master

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:82 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14322/nginx:

master

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -s stop

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# netstat -lntup|grep nginx

tcp 0 0 10.0.0.10:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14967/nginx:

master

tcp 0 0 10.0.0.9:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14967/nginx:

master

tcp 0 0 10.0.0.8:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14967/nginx:

master

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl 10.0.0.8

www.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl 10.0.0.9

bbs.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl 10.0.0.10

blog.etiantian.org

一：什么是恶意域名解析

一般情况下，要使域名能访问到网站需要两步，第一步，将域名解析到网站所在的主机，第二步

，在web服务器中将域名与相应的网站绑定。但是，如果通过主机IP能直接访问某网站，那么把域名解析到

这个IP也将能访问到该网站，而无需在主机上绑定，也就是说任何人将任何域名解析到这个IP就能访问到

这个网站。

二：恶意域名解析的危害

可能您并不介意通过别人的域名访问到您的网站，但是如果这个域名是未备案域名呢？

假如那域名是不友善的域名，比如曾经指向非法网站，容易引发搜索引擎惩罚，连带IP受到牵连

。即使域名没什么问题，但流量也会被劫持到别的域名，从而遭到广告联盟的封杀。

三；如何防止，配置里第一个标签如下配置

server{

listen 80;

server_name _default;

return 500;

}

优化nginx配置文件：

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# mkdir extra

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# sed -n '10,17p' nginx.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/www;

index index.html index.htm;

}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# sed -n '10,17p' nginx.conf >extra/01_www.conf

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# sed -n '18,25p' nginx.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name bbs.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/bbs;

index index.html index.htm;

}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# sed -n '18,25p' nginx.conf >extra/02_bbs.conf

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# sed -n '26,33p' nginx.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name blog.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/blog;

index index.html index.htm;

}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# sed -n '26,33p' nginx.conf >extra/03_blog.conf

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]#

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cd extra/

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf/extra]# cat 01_www.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/www;

index index.html index.htm;

}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf/extra]# cat 02_bbs.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name bbs.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/bbs;

index index.html index.htm;

}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf/extra]# cat 03_blog.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name blog.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/blog;

index index.html index.htm;

}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf/extra]#

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf/extra]# cd ../

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# sed -n '10,33p' nginx.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/www;

index index.html index.htm;

}

server {

listen 80;

server_name bbs.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/bbs;

index index.html index.htm;

}

server {

listen 80;

server_name blog.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/blog;

index index.html index.htm;

}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# sed -i '10,33d' nginx.conf

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# sed -i '10 i include extra/01_www.conf;\ninclude

extra/02_bbs.conf;\ninclude extra/03_blog.conf;' nginx.conf

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]#

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cat nginx.conf

worker_processes 1;

events {

worker_connections 1024;

}

http {

include mime.types;

default_type application/octet-stream;

sendfile on;

keepalive_timeout 65;

include extra/01_www.conf;

include extra/02_bbs.conf;

include extra/03_blog.conf;

}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -t

nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -s reload

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl www.etiantian.org

www.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl bbs.etiantian.org

bbs.etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl blog.etiantian.org

blog.etiantian.org

别名：一个名字以外的另一名字

张三、小张

www.etiantian.org

etiantian.org

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cat extra/01_www.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.etiantian.org etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/www;

index index.html index.htm;

}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -v

nginx version: nginx/1.16.0

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]#

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# nginx -V

nginx version: nginx/1.16.0

built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36) (GCC)

built with OpenSSL 1.0.2k-fips 26 Jan 2017

TLS SNI support enabled

configure arguments: --user=www --group=www --prefix=/application/nginx-1.16.0/ --with-

http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cat extra/04_status.conf

#status

server{

listen 80;

server_name status.etiantian.org;

location / {

stub_status on;

access_log off;

}

10.0.0.8 www.etiantian.org bbs.etiantian.org blog.etiantian.org status.etiantian.org

==================================================

location

双重验证技术

1.谷歌验证器

1.1 ssh服务 ssh root@192.168.1.128

1.2 yes 输入密码

123456

第二次输入密码

SSH+谷歌验证器实现二步验证登录 Google Authenticator（Google身份验证器）

1.3 安全

|--->行为验证码

|---->防 "图灵" 12306 图(PC破解不了机器学习)

|--->谷歌验证器

location使用的语法例子为：

location [ = | ~ | ~* | ^~ ] uri {

...

}

if uri then

{

...

}

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.etiantian.org etiantian.org;

root html/www;

location / {

return 401;

}

location = / {

return 402;

}

location /documents/ {

return 403;

}

location ^~ /images/ {

return 404;

#匹配任何以/images/开头的任何查询并且停止搜索。

任何正则表达式匹配将不会被检查。

#"^~" 这个前缀的作用:在常规的字符串匹配检查之后,不做正则表达式的检查，即如果最明确的那个字符

串匹配的location配置中有此前缀,那么不会做正则表达式的检查。

}

location ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg)$ {

#匹配任何以 gif、jpg 或 jpeg 结尾的请求。

return 500;

}

access_log logs/access_www.log main gzip buffer=32k flush=5s;

}

[root@web02 ~]# curl -s -o /dev/null -I -w "%{http_code}\n" http://www.etiantian.org

402

[root@web02 ~]# curl -s -o /dev/null -I -w "%{http_code}\n" http://www.etiantian.org/

402

location = / {

return 402;

}

[root@web02 ~]# curl -s -o /dev/null -I -w "%{http_code}\n"

http://www.etiantian.org/index.html

401

[root@web02 ~]# curl -s -o /dev/null -I -w "%{http_code}\n"

http://www.etiantian.org/index.html

401

location / {

return 401;

}

[root@web02 ~]# curl -s -o /dev/null -I -w "%{http_code}\n"

http://www.etiantian.org/documents/document.html

403

location /documents/ {

return 403;

}

[root@web02 ~]# curl -s -o /dev/null -I -w "%{http_code}\n"

http://www.etiantian.org/images/1.gif

404

location ^~ /images/ {

return 404;

#匹配任何以/images/开头的任何查询并且停止搜索。任何正则表达式匹配将不会被检查。

#"^~" 这个前缀的作用:在常规的字符串匹配检查之后,不做正则表达式的检查，即如果最明确的那个字符

串匹配的location配置中有此前缀,那么不会做正则表达式的检查。

}

[root@web02 ~]# curl -s -o /dev/null -I -w "%{http_code}\n"

http://www.etiantian.org/documents/1.jpg

500

301跳转：

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf/extra]# cat 01_www.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name etiantian.org;

rewrite ^/(.*) http://www.etiantian.org/$1 permanent;

}

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/www;

index index.html index.htm;

}

access_log logs/access_www.log main;

}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf/extra]# cat 01_www.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name etiantian.org;

rewrite ^/(.*) http://www.etiantian.org/$1 permanent;

}

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.etiantian.org;

location / {

root html/www;

index index.html index.htm;

}

auth_basic "oldboy training";

auth_basic_user_file /application/nginx/conf/htpasswd;

access_log logs/access_www.log main;

}

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf/extra]# nginx -t

nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf/extra]# nginx -s reload

yum install httpd-tools -y

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf/extra]# htpasswd -cb /application/nginx/conf/htpasswd

oldboy 123456

Adding password for user oldboy

[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf/extra]# cat /application/nginx/conf/htpasswd

oldboy:$apr1$ESr9xJ4M$ajbuh4wtRDyRskuXrCp7q/

chmod 400 /application/nginx/conf/htpasswd

chown www /application/nginx/conf/htpasswd

403：

1、没有首页文件，index.xxx

2、站点目录权限太低

3、显示的禁止

allow 10.0.0.0/24;

deny all;

http://oldboy.blog.51cto.com/2561410/581383。

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5.5 课堂笔记

:Nginx web应用深入

location

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