概述
由于Thread的yield和sleep有一定的相似性，因此放在一起进行分析。yield会释放CPU资源，让优先级更高（至少是相同）的线程获得执行机会；sleep当传入参数为0时，和yield相同；当传入参数大于0时，也是释放CPU资源，当可以让其它任何优先级的线程获得执行机会；
假设当前进程只有main线程，当调用yield之后，main线程会继续运行，因为没有比它优先级更高的线程；而调用sleep之后，mian线程会进入TIMED_WAITING状态，不会继续运行；
yield
Thread.sleep底层是通过JVM_Yield方法实现的（见jvm.cpp）:
JVM_ENTRY(void, JVM_Yield(JNIEnv *env, jclass threadClass))
JVMWrapper("JVM_Yield");
//检查是否设置了DontYieldALot参数,默认为fasle
//如果设置为true,直接返回
if (os::dont_yield()) return;
//如果ConvertYieldToSleep=true（默认为false）,调用os::sleep,否则调用os::yield
if (ConvertYieldToSleep) {
os::sleep(thread, MinSleepInterval, false);//sleep 1ms
} else {
os::yield();
}
JVM_END
从上面知道，实际上调用的是os::yield:
//sched_yield是linux kernel提供的API,它会使调用线程放弃CPU使用权，加入到同等优先级队列的末尾；
//如果调用线程是优先级最高的唯一线程，yield方法返回后，调用线程会继续运行；
//因此可以知道，对于和调用线程相同或更高优先级的线程来说，yield方法会给予了它们一次运行的机会；
void os::yield() {
sched_yield();
}
sleep
Thread.sleep最终调用JVM_Sleep方法：
JVM_ENTRY(void, JVM_Sleep(JNIEnv* env, jclass threadClass, jlong millis))
JVMWrapper("JVM_Sleep");
if (millis < 0) {//参数校验
THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_IllegalArgumentException(), "timeout value is negative");
}
//如果线程已经中断，抛出中断异常,关于中断的实现，在另一篇文章中会讲解
if (Thread::is_interrupted (THREAD, true) && !HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) {
THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_InterruptedException(), "sleep interrupted");
}
//设置线程状态为SLEEPING
JavaThreadSleepState jtss(thread);
EventThreadSleep event;
if (millis == 0) {
//如果设置了ConvertSleepToYield(默认为true),和yield效果相同
if (ConvertSleepToYield) {
os::yield();
} else {//否则调用os::sleep方法
ThreadState old_state = thread->osthread()->get_state();
thread->osthread()->set_state(SLEEPING);
os::sleep(thread, MinSleepInterval, false);//sleep 1ms
thread->osthread()->set_state(old_state);
}
} else {//参数大于0
//保存初始状态，返回时恢复原状态
ThreadState old_state = thread->osthread()->get_state();
//osthread->thread status mapping:
// NEW->NEW
//RUNNABLE->RUNNABLE
//BLOCKED_ON_MONITOR_ENTER->BLOCKED
//IN_OBJECT_WAIT,PARKED->WAITING
//SLEEPING,IN_OBJECT_WAIT_TIMED,PARKED_TIMED->TIMED_WAITING
//TERMINATED->TERMINATED
thread->osthread()->set_state(SLEEPING);
//调用os::sleep方法，如果发生中断，抛出异常
if (os::sleep(thread, millis, true) == OS_INTRPT) {
if (!HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) {
if (event.should_commit()) {
event.set_time(millis);
event.commit();
}
THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_InterruptedException(), "sleep interrupted");
}
}
thread->osthread()->set_state(old_state);//恢复osThread状态
}
if (event.should_commit()) {
event.set_time(millis);
event.commit();
}
JVM_END
os::sleep的源码如下：
int os::sleep(Thread* thread, jlong millis, bool interruptible) {
assert(thread == Thread::current(), "thread consistency check");
//线程有如下几个成员变量:
//ParkEvent * _ParkEvent ; // for synchronized()
//ParkEvent * _SleepEvent ; // for Thread.sleep
//ParkEvent * _MutexEvent ; // for native internal Mutex/Monitor
//ParkEvent * _MuxEvent ; // for low-level muxAcquire-muxRelease
ParkEvent * const slp = thread->_SleepEvent ;
slp->reset() ;
OrderAccess::fence() ;
//如果millis>0,传入interruptible＝true,否则为false
if (interruptible) {
jlong prevtime = javaTimeNanos();
for (;;) {
if (os::is_interrupted(thread, true)) {//判断是否中断
return OS_INTRPT;
}
jlong newtime = javaTimeNanos();//获取当前时间
//如果linux不支持monotonic lock,有可能出现newtime<prevtime
if (newtime - prevtime < 0) {
assert(!Linux::supports_monotonic_clock(), "time moving backwards");
} else {
millis -= (newtime - prevtime) / NANOSECS_PER_MILLISEC;
}
if(millis <= 0) {
return OS_OK;
}
prevtime = newtime;
{
assert(thread->is_Java_thread(), "sanity check");
JavaThread *jt = (JavaThread *) thread;
ThreadBlockInVM tbivm(jt);
OSThreadWaitState osts(jt->osthread(), false );
jt->set_suspend_equivalent();
slp->park(millis);
jt->check_and_wait_while_suspended();
}
}
} else {//如果interruptible=false
//设置osthread的状态为CONDVAR_WAIT
OSThreadWaitState osts(thread->osthread(), false );
jlong prevtime = javaTimeNanos();
for (;;) {
jlong newtime = javaTimeNanos();
if (newtime - prevtime < 0) {
assert(!Linux::supports_monotonic_clock(), "time moving backwards");
} else {
millis -= (newtime - prevtime) / NANOSECS_PER_MILLISEC;
}
if(millis <= 0) break ;
prevtime = newtime;
slp->park(millis);//底层调用pthread_cond_timedwait实现
}
return OS_OK ;
}
}
通过阅读源码知道，原来sleep是通过pthread_cond_timedwait实现的，那么为什么不通过linux的sleep实现呢？
- pthread_cond_timedwait既可以堵塞在某个条件变量上，也可以设置超时时间；
- sleep不能及时唤醒线程,最小精度为秒；
可以看出pthread_cond_timedwait使用灵活，而且时间精度更高；
＃ 例子
通过strace可以查看代码的系统调用情况，建立两个类，一个调用Thread.sleep(),一个调用Thread.yield(),查看其系统调用情况:
- Thread.sleep(0)
Thread.sleep(0);
System.out.println("hello");
sleep0.png
可以看到sched_yield的系统调用
- Thread.sleep(nonzero)
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("hello");
sleep2.png
在其中并没有看到pthread_cond_timedwait的调用，其实Java的线程有可两种实现方式：
- LinuxThreads
- NPTL(Native POSIX Thread Library)
// NPTL or LinuxThreads?
static bool is_LinuxThreads() { return !_is_NPTL; }
static bool is_NPTL() { return _is_NPTL; }
可以通过如下命令查看到底是使用哪种线程实现:
getconf GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION
nptl.png
关于两者之间的区别，请查看wiki。由于我的机器上采用的是2，因此无法看到ppthread_cond_timedwait的调用；
ppthread_cond_timedwait采用futex（Fast Userspace muTEXes）实现，因而可以看到对futex的调用；
关于JVM是如何决定采用哪种实现方式，可以查看如下方法(os_linux.cpp):
// detecting pthread library
void os::Linux::libpthread_init() {
// Save glibc and pthread version strings. Note that _CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION
// and _CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION are supported in glibc >= 2.3.2. Use a
// generic name for earlier versions.
// Define macros here so we can build HotSpot on old systems.
# ifndef _CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION
# define _CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION 2
# endif
# ifndef _CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION
# define _CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION 3
# endif
size_t n = confstr(_CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION, NULL, 0);
if (n > 0) {
char *str = (char *)malloc(n, mtInternal);
confstr(_CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION, str, n);
os::Linux::set_glibc_version(str);
} else {
// _CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION is not supported, try gnu_get_libc_version()
static char _gnu_libc_version[32];
jio_snprintf(_gnu_libc_version, sizeof(_gnu_libc_version),
"glibc %s %s", gnu_get_libc_version(), gnu_get_libc_release());
os::Linux::set_glibc_version(_gnu_libc_version);
}
//系统函数confstr获取C库信息
n = confstr(_CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION, NULL, 0);
if (n > 0) {
char *str = (char *)malloc(n, mtInternal);
confstr(_CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION, str, n);
// Vanilla RH-9 (glibc 2.3.2) has a bug that confstr() always tells
// us "NPTL-0.29" even we are running with LinuxThreads. Check if this
// is the case. LinuxThreads has a hard limit on max number of threads.
// So sysconf(_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX) will return a positive value.
// On the other hand, NPTL does not have such a limit, sysconf()
// will return -1 and errno is not changed. Check if it is really NPTL.
if (strcmp(os::Linux::glibc_version(), "glibc 2.3.2") == 0 &&
strstr(str, "NPTL") &&
sysconf(_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX) > 0) {
free(str);
os::Linux::set_libpthread_version("linuxthreads");
} else {
os::Linux::set_libpthread_version(str);
}
} else {
// glibc before 2.3.2 only has LinuxThreads.
os::Linux::set_libpthread_version("linuxthreads");
}
if (strstr(libpthread_version(), "NPTL")) {
os::Linux::set_is_NPTL();
} else {
os::Linux::set_is_LinuxThreads();
}
// LinuxThreads have two flavors: floating-stack mode, which allows variable
// stack size; and fixed-stack mode. NPTL is always floating-stack.
if (os::Linux::is_NPTL() || os::Linux::supports_variable_stack_size()) {
os::Linux::set_is_floating_stack();
}
}
- Thread.yield
Thread.yield();
System.out.println("hello");
Paste_Image.png
和Thread.sleep(0)相同；
