本文作者：陈刚，叩丁狼高级讲师。原创文章，转载请注明出处。

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为了防止服务之间的调用异常造成的连锁反应，在SpringCloud中提供了Hystrix组件来实现服务调用异常的处理，或对高并发情况下的服务降级处理 。简单回顾一下Hystrix的使用：
1.要使用 Hystrix熔断机制处理引入它本身的依赖之外，我们需要在主程序配置类上贴 @EnableHystrix 标签 开启Hystrix功能，如下

@EnableHystrix
@EnableEurekaClient
@SpringBootApplication
...
public class ConsumerApplication {

2.开启Hystrix熔断机制后，对方法进行熔断处理

@Service
public class HelloService {

    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;

    //该注解对该方法创建了熔断器的功能，并指定了fallbackMethod熔断方法
    @HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "hiError")
    public String hiService(String name){
        //调用接口进行消费
        String result = restTemplate.getForObject("http://PRODUCER/hello?name="+name,String.class);
        return result;
    }
    public String hiError(String name) {
        return "hi,"+name+"error!";
    }
}

当hiService方法第调用异常，会触发 fallbackMethod执行的hiError方法做成一些补救处理。

那么我们就沿着我们的使用方式来跟踪一下 Hystrix的 工作原理。

首先我们看一下标签：@EnableHystrix ，他的作用从名字就能看出就是开启Hystrix ，我们看一下它的源码

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@EnableCircuitBreaker
public @interface EnableHystrix {

}

它上面有一个注解：@ EnableCircuitBreaker ，翻译单词意思就是启用熔断器(断路器),那么@ EnableHystrix标签的本质其实是@ EnableCircuitBreaker ,我们看一下他的源码

/**
 * Annotation to enable a CircuitBreaker implementation.
 * http://martinfowler.com/bliki/CircuitBreaker.html
 * @author Spencer Gibb
 */
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@Import(EnableCircuitBreakerImportSelector.class)
public @interface EnableCircuitBreaker {

}

@EnableCircuitBreaker标签引入了一个@Import(EnableCircuitBreakerImportSelector.class) 类，翻译类的名字就是 ， 开启熔断器的导入选择器 ，导入什么东西呢？看源码

/**
 * Import a single circuit breaker implementation Configuration
 * @author Spencer Gibb
 */
@Order(Ordered.LOWEST_PRECEDENCE - 100)
public class EnableCircuitBreakerImportSelector extends
        SpringFactoryImportSelector<EnableCircuitBreaker> {

    @Override
    protected boolean isEnabled() {
        return getEnvironment().getProperty(
                "spring.cloud.circuit.breaker.enabled", Boolean.class, Boolean.TRUE);
    }

}

翻译类上的注释 “Import a single circuit breaker implementation Configuration”，其实EnableCircuitBreakerImportSelector的作用就是去导入熔断器的配置 。其实Spring中也有类似于JAVA SPI 的加载机制, 即会自动加载 jar包 spring-cloud-netflix-core 中的META-INF/spring.factories 中的Hystrix相关的自动配置类
注：SPI : 通过将服务的接口与实现分离以实现解耦，提高程序拓展性的机制，达到插拔式的效果 。

image.png

HystrixCircuitBreakerConfiguration 就是针对于 Hystrix熔断器的配置

/**
 * @author Spencer Gibb
 * @author Christian Dupuis
 * @author Venil Noronha
 */
@Configuration
public class HystrixCircuitBreakerConfiguration {

    @Bean
    public HystrixCommandAspect hystrixCommandAspect() {
        return new HystrixCommandAspect();
    }

    @Bean
    public HystrixShutdownHook hystrixShutdownHook() {
        return new HystrixShutdownHook();
    }

    @Bean
    public HasFeatures hystrixFeature() {
        return HasFeatures.namedFeatures(new NamedFeature("Hystrix", HystrixCommandAspect.class));
    }
......

在该配置类中创建了 HystrixCommandAspect

/**
 * AspectJ aspect to process methods which annotated with {@link HystrixCommand} annotation.
 */
@Aspect
public class HystrixCommandAspect {

    private static final Map<HystrixPointcutType, MetaHolderFactory> META_HOLDER_FACTORY_MAP;

    static {
        META_HOLDER_FACTORY_MAP = ImmutableMap.<HystrixPointcutType, MetaHolderFactory>builder()
                .put(HystrixPointcutType.COMMAND, new CommandMetaHolderFactory())
                .put(HystrixPointcutType.COLLAPSER, new CollapserMetaHolderFactory())
                .build();
    }

//定义切点，切到 @HystrixCommand标签所在的方法  
  @Pointcut("@annotation(com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand)")

    public void hystrixCommandAnnotationPointcut() {
    }

    @Pointcut("@annotation(com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCollapser)")
    public void hystrixCollapserAnnotationPointcut() {
    }
//针对切点：@hystrixCommand切点的处理
    @Around("hystrixCommandAnnotationPointcut() || hystrixCollapserAnnotationPointcut()")
    public Object methodsAnnotatedWithHystrixCommand(final ProceedingJoinPoint joinPoint) throws Throwable {
//获取到目标方法
  Method method = getMethodFromTarget(joinPoint);
        Validate.notNull(method, "failed to get method from joinPoint: %s", joinPoint);
//判断方法上不能同时存在@HystrixCommand标签和HystrixCollapser标签
        if (method.isAnnotationPresent(HystrixCommand.class) && method.isAnnotationPresent(HystrixCollapser.class)) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("method cannot be annotated with HystrixCommand and HystrixCollapser " +
                    "annotations at the same time");
        }
        MetaHolderFactory metaHolderFactory = META_HOLDER_FACTORY_MAP.get(HystrixPointcutType.of(method));
        MetaHolder metaHolder = metaHolderFactory.create(joinPoint);
//把方法封装成 HystrixInvokable 
        HystrixInvokable invokable = HystrixCommandFactory.getInstance().create(metaHolder);
        ExecutionType executionType = metaHolder.isCollapserAnnotationPresent() ?
                metaHolder.getCollapserExecutionType() : metaHolder.getExecutionType();

        Object result;
        try {
// 通过CommandExecutor来执行方法
            if (!metaHolder.isObservable()) {
                result = CommandExecutor.execute(invokable, executionType, metaHolder);
            } else {
                result = executeObservable(invokable, executionType, metaHolder);
            }
        } catch (HystrixBadRequestException e) {
            throw e.getCause() != null ? e.getCause() : e;
        } catch (HystrixRuntimeException e) {
            throw hystrixRuntimeExceptionToThrowable(metaHolder, e);
        }
        return result;

HystrixCommandAspect 其实就是对 贴了@HystrixCommand标签的方法使用 Aop机制实现处理 。代码中通过把目标方法封装成 HystrixInvokable对象，通过CommandExecutor工具来执行目标方法。

HystrixInvokable是用来干嘛的？看源码知道，其实他是一个空行法的接口，他的目的只是用来标记可被执行，那么他是如何创建的我们看代码HystrixInvokable invokable = HystrixCommandFactory.getInstance().create(metaHolder);的create方法

   public HystrixInvokable create(MetaHolder metaHolder) {
        HystrixInvokable executable;
        ...省略代码...
            executable = new GenericCommand(HystrixCommandBuilderFactory.getInstance().create(metaHolder));
        }
        return executable;
    }

其实是new了一个 GenericCommand 对象，很明显他们是实现关系，我们看一下关系图

叩丁狼教育.png

跟踪 GenericCommand 的源码

@ThreadSafe
public class GenericCommand extends AbstractHystrixCommand<Object> {
    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GenericCommand.class);

    public GenericCommand(HystrixCommandBuilder builder) {
        super(builder);
    }

    protected Object run() throws Exception {
        LOGGER.debug("execute command: {}", this.getCommandKey().name());
        return this.process(new AbstractHystrixCommand<Object>.Action() {
            Object execute() {
                return GenericCommand.this.getCommandAction().execute(GenericCommand.this.getExecutionType());
            }
        });
    }

    protected Object getFallback() {
        final CommandAction commandAction = this.getFallbackAction();
        if (commandAction != null) {
            try {
                return this.process(new AbstractHystrixCommand<Object>.Action() {
                    Object execute() {
                        MetaHolder metaHolder = commandAction.getMetaHolder();
                        Object[] args = CommonUtils.createArgsForFallback(metaHolder, GenericCommand.this.getExecutionException());
                        return commandAction.executeWithArgs(metaHolder.getFallbackExecutionType(), args);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Throwable var3) {
                LOGGER.error(FallbackErrorMessageBuilder.create().append(commandAction, var3).build());
                throw new FallbackInvocationException(ExceptionUtils.unwrapCause(var3));
            }
        } else {
            return super.getFallback();
        }
    }
}

它本身对目标方法的正常执行和对 fallback方法的 执行做了实现 。
GenericCommand.this.getCommandAction().execute(...)获取到目标方法并执行，底层会交给 MethodExecutionAction 使用反射去执行方法，

回到 HystrixCommandAspect的methodsAnnotatedWithHystrixCommand方法中，我们看下 CommandExecutor.execute是如何执行的

public class CommandExecutor {
    public CommandExecutor() {
    }

    public static Object execute(HystrixInvokable invokable, ExecutionType executionType, MetaHolder metaHolder) throws RuntimeException {
        Validate.notNull(invokable);
        Validate.notNull(metaHolder);
        switch(executionType) {
//异步
        case SYNCHRONOUS:
            return castToExecutable(invokable, executionType).execute();
//同步
        case ASYNCHRONOUS:
            HystrixExecutable executable = castToExecutable(invokable, executionType);
            if (metaHolder.hasFallbackMethodCommand() && ExecutionType.ASYNCHRONOUS == metaHolder.getFallbackExecutionType()) {
                return new FutureDecorator(executable.queue());
            }

            return executable.queue();
        case OBSERVABLE:
            HystrixObservable observable = castToObservable(invokable);
            return ObservableExecutionMode.EAGER == metaHolder.getObservableExecutionMode() ? observable.observe() : observable.toObservable();
        default:
            throw new RuntimeException("unsupported execution type: " + executionType);
        }
    }

    private static HystrixExecutable castToExecutable(HystrixInvokable invokable, ExecutionType executionType) {
        if (invokable instanceof HystrixExecutable) {
            return (HystrixExecutable)invokable;
        } else {
            throw new RuntimeException("Command should implement " + HystrixExecutable.class.getCanonicalName() + " interface to execute in: " + executionType + " mode");
        }
    }

这里有两种执行方式 SYNCHRONOUS 异步 ，ASYNCHRONOUS同步 ，我们先看异步： castToExecutable(invokable, executionType).execute(); 这里代码把HystrixInvokable对象转成 HystrixExecutable并调用execute方法执行 ，跟踪execute方法进入HystrixCommand.execute方法中

 public R execute() {
        try {
            return queue().get();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw Exceptions.sneakyThrow(decomposeException(e));
        }
    }
--------------
 public Future<R> queue() {
        /*
         * The Future returned by Observable.toBlocking().toFuture() does not implement the
         * interruption of the execution thread when the "mayInterrupt" flag of Future.cancel(boolean) is set to true;
         * thus, to comply with the contract of Future, we must wrap around it.
         */
        final Future<R> delegate = toObservable().toBlocking().toFuture();
        
        final Future<R> f = new Future<R>() {

            @Override
            public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
                if (delegate.isCancelled()) {
                    return false;
                }

                if (HystrixCommand.this.getProperties().executionIsolationThreadInterruptOnFutureCancel().get()) {
                    /*
                     * The only valid transition here is false -> true. If there are two futures, say f1 and f2, created by this command
                     * (which is super-weird, but has never been prohibited), and calls to f1.cancel(true) and to f2.cancel(false) are
                     * issued by different threads, it's unclear about what value would be used by the time mayInterruptOnCancel is checked.
                     * The most consistent way to deal with this scenario is to say that if *any* cancellation is invoked with interruption,
                     * than that interruption request cannot be taken back.
                     */
                    interruptOnFutureCancel.compareAndSet(false, mayInterruptIfRunning);
                }

                final boolean res = delegate.cancel(interruptOnFutureCancel.get());

                if (!isExecutionComplete() && interruptOnFutureCancel.get()) {
                    final Thread t = executionThread.get();
                    if (t != null && !t.equals(Thread.currentThread())) {
                        t.interrupt();
                    }
                }

                return res;
            }
....省略...

在 HystrixCommand.execute方法中 其实是Future 来异步执行，调用过程中会触发 GenericCommand来完成调用，执行完成后调用 Future.get()方法拿到执行结果 。

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