About Sophie：
As an English lover, she is trying to read and translate ** Beyond Feelings ** in spare time recently.
Welcome to correct and communicate with her.
Thanks a lot.

Sophie's Words：
序言介绍该书出版前，主流知识分子的思维方式以及作者写这本书的原因；同时也阐明了为何选择朴实语言风格的理由。
2017/4/24

Preface

When the first edition of this book appeared in 1975, the dominant intellectual focus was still subjectivity, feelings. That focus, the legacy of the 1960s, was originally a necessary reaction to the rationalism and behaviorism that preceded it. It declared, **in effect: **“People are not robots. They are more than the sum total of their physiology. They have hopes, dreams, emotions. No two humans are alike—each has a special perspective, a unique way of perceiving the world. And any view of humanity that ignores this subjective side is a distortion.”

译文：

前言

1975年，当该书的第一版问世时，主流知识分子仍然关注于主观及各种感受。关注主观感受——作为19世纪60年代的产物，起初是对先于它而存在的【理想主义和行为主义】必然反应。实际上，【关注主观和感受】的观点认为：“人不是机器人，他们超过一切生理机能的总和。除此之外，人类还有希望，梦想，感觉；没有两个人是相同的，每个人都有独特的视角，一种感知世界的特有方式。并且，任何忽视这种主观性的人性观点都是一种曲解。”

legacy 英 ['legəsɪ] 美 ['lɛgəsi] n. 遗赠，遗产
rationalism ['ræʃ(ə)n(ə)lɪz(ə)m] n. 理性主义；唯理主义
behaviorism [bi'heiviəriz(ə)m] n. 行为主义
an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior
** declare ** 英 [dɪ'kleə] 美 [dɪ'klɛr]
vt. 宣布，声明；断言，宣称
vi. 声明，宣布
** in effect** 实际上；生效
** physiology** 英 [,fɪzɪ'ɒlədʒɪ] 美 ['fɪzɪ'ɑlədʒi] n. 生理学；生理机能
distortion 英 [dɪ'stɔːʃ(ə)n] 美 [dɪs'tɔrʃən] n. 变形；[物] 失真；扭曲；曲解

Yet, despite its value, the focus on feelings went too far. Like many other movements, what began as a reaction against an extreme view became an extreme view itself. The result of that extremism was the neglect of thinking. This book was designed to answer that neglect. The introduction to the first edition explained its rationale as follows:

The emphasis on subjectivity ** served to** correct a dangerous oversimplification. But it is the kind of reaction that cannot be sustained for long without causing an even worse situation—the neglect of thinking. Worse for two reasons.

译文：
然而，尽管有其价值，但人们曾经过多重视感受。就像许多其他的运动一样，最开始以作为反对极端观点的反应最后本身也成了极端，产生的结果是忽视思考的极端主义。该书就是计划解答这种忽视问题。第一版概述对其基本原理的解释如下：
强调主观有助于纠正过度简化的危险，但它不能长期保持不会导致更糟的情况——忽视思考；两个理由如下。

neglect 英 [nɪ'glekt] 美 [nɪ'glɛkt]
fail to give them the amount of attention that they deserve. 忽视
rationale 英 [,ræʃə'nɑːl] 美 [,ræʃə'næl] n. 基本原理；根本原因
serve to用来，有助于

First, because we live in an age of manipulation. Armies of ** hucksters** and demagogues stand ready with the rich resources of psychology to play upon our emotions and subconscious needs to persuade us that superficial is profound, harmful is beneficial, evil is virtuous. And feelings are especially vulnerable to such manipulation.

译文：
首先，由于我们处于一个操纵时代。大批的商贩和煽动者时刻准备了丰富的心理源作用在我们的感觉和潜意识需求上，说服我们相信肤浅就是深刻，有害就是有益，邪恶就是善良。同时，面对这样的操纵，感受尤为易受攻击。

疑难杂句：
Armies of hucksters and demagogues stand ready with the rich resources of psychology to play upon our emotions and subconscious needs to persuade us that superficial is profound, harmful is beneficial, evil is virtuous.

huckster英 ['hʌkstə] 美 ['hʌkstɚ]
vt. 叫卖；讨价还价
n. 叫卖的小贩；小商人；吃广告饭的人
vi. 叫卖；做小商贩
demagogue 英 ['deməgɒg] 美 [ˈdɛməɡɑɡ] n. 煽动者；煽动家；煽动政治家
** subconscious =unware**
virtuous 英 ['vɜːtjʊəs; -tʃʊəs] 美 ['vɝtʃuəs] adj. 善良的；有道德的
be vulnerable to 易受……攻击/侵害的

Secondly, because in virtually every important area of modern life— law, medicine, government, education, science, business, and community affairs—we are beset with serious problems and complex issues that demand careful gathering and weighing of facts and informed opinions, thoughtful consideration of various conclusions or actions, and judicious selection of the best conclusion or most appropriate action. . . .

译文：
第二，因为几乎在现代生活中的每一个重要领域——法律、医药、政府、教育、科学、商业以及社区事务——我们被严肃且复杂的问题包围，这些问题无一不需要细心收集斟酌的事实及有根据的评价，对各种结论或行为的深思熟虑，以及对最好结论或最宜行为的公正抉择。

be beset with 被……包围
thoughtful consideration 深思熟虑

[Today’s college student] has been conditioned not to undervalue subjectivity, but to overvalue it. And so he does not need to have his feelings indulged. Rather, he needs to be taught how to sort out his feelings, decide to what extent they have been shaped by external influences, and evaluate them carefully when they conflict among themselves or with the feelings of others. In short, he needs to be taught to think critically.*

译文：
当今的大学生习惯于不去低估反而高估主观性；所以他不需要放任自己的情感。然而，他需要学会如何区分他的情感，决定在多大程度上受外部影响合适，当他的情感和周围的事物冲突或者其他人的情感冲突时能仔细评估他们。简而言之，就是需要学会如何批判性思考。

Be conditioned to习惯于；以…为条件

There is an unfortunate tendency among many to view feeling and thought as mutually exclusive, to force a choice between them. If we focus on one, then in their view we must reject the other. But this is mistaken. Feeling and thought are perfectly complementary. Feeling, being more spontaneous, is an excellent beginning to the development of conclusions. And thought, being more deliberate, provides a way to identify the best and most appropriate feeling. Both are natural.

Thinking, however, is less automatic than feeling. To do it well demands a systematic approach and guided practice.

译文：
这有一个不幸的趋势，许多人认为感觉和思想是相互排斥的，非得在两者之间做一个选择；如果关注其中一个，在他们的观念中就一定要排除另外一个——但这种想法错误的。感觉和思考是完美互补的；感觉，更多的是无意识的，是发展结论的极好开始；思想，更多是深思熟虑，提供了一个鉴定最好最合适的感觉的方法；二者都是天生的。
然而与感觉相比，思考自发性较少；好的思考需要系统的方法和指导性的实践。

spontaneous 英 [spɒn'teɪnɪəs] 美 [spɑn'tenɪəs] adj. 自发的；自然的；无意识的
deliberate 英 [dɪ'lɪb(ə)rət] 美 [dɪ'lɪbərət]
adj. 故意的；深思熟虑的；从容的
vt. 仔细考虑；商议

The general attitude toward thinking has changed considerably since the mid-1970s. The view that critical thinking is an important skill to which education should give prominence is no longer a minority view. Hundreds of voices have joined the chorus calling for the addition of critical thinking objectives to existing courses and even the creation of special courses in thinking. There is little disagreement that the challenges of the new millennium demand minds that can move beyond feelings to clear, impartial, critical problem solving and decision making.

译文：
自19世纪70年代中期以来，大众对思考的态度有了极大的改变。认为“批判性思考是一项重要的技能，其教育应当予以重视”已不再是一个小众观点了。成百上千的人呼吁增加批判性思考到现有课程里，甚至要求创建思考方面的特殊课程。几乎没人同意新世纪的挑战需要这么一种“可行进至超越直觉到清晰、公正、解决批判性问题并作出决定”的思想，。

prominence 英音 /'prɒmɪnəns/ 美音 /'prɑmɪnəns/ n. 声望, 杰出,突出;重要;要事
** millennium ** 英音 /mɪ'lenɪəm/ 美音 /məˈlɛniəm/
n. 一千年,千年期;太平盛世

Features of This Edition

This edition of Beyond Feelings retains the basic organization of previous editions. The first section explains the psychological, philosophical, and social context in which critical thinking takes place and describes the habits and attitudes that enhance such thinking. The second section helps students recognize and overcome common errors in thinking. The third section provides a step-by-step strategy for dealing with issues.

译文：

该版本的特征

这个版本的【超越直觉】保留了之前版本的基本构架。
第一部分解释了批判性思考产生的心理学、哲学以及社会学环境；同时描述了加强这种思考的习惯和态度。
第二部分帮助学生意识并克服在思考中的一般错误。
第三部分提供了一个处理棘手问题的攻略。

Within the overall design, however, I have made a number of changes, most in response to the helpful suggestions of reviewers.

In Chapter 1, a new section—“The Influence of Ideas”has been added.
In Chapter 3, a new section—“Understanding Cause and Effect”has been added.
In Chapter 15, new examples of the value of observation have been added.
In Chapter 17, the subsection“Evaluate your information sources”has been expanded.
A number of new “Difference of Opinion” exercises have been added.

译文：
然而，在整本书的布局中，我做了一些改变，大部分是出于对评论者的有用建议的回应。
第一章， 新加了【思想的影响】这一节。
第三章， 新加了【理解因果】这一节。
第十五章，新加了【观察的价值】的实例。
第十七章，拓展了【评估你的信息源】的字节。
还加了不少关于新的【不同意见】的练习。

As in the past, I have attempted to follow George Orwell’s sage advice: “Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.” This is not always easy. When logicians are taught terms such as **argumentum ad hominem, non sequitur, and “affirming the consequent,” ** they naturally want to use them. Arguments for doing so urge themselves upon us: for example, “These are the most precise terms. Don’t join the ranks of the coddlers and deprive students of them.” In weak moments I succumb to this appeal. (Until the previous edition, for example, I included the term enthymeme. Mea culpa . . . there I go again.) But is the precision of such terms the real reason for my wanting to use them? Is it not possible that we professors enjoy parading our knowledge or that we are reluctant to spare our students the struggle we were forced to undergo (“We suffered, so they should too”)? It seems to me that modern culture already provides too many impediments to critical thinking for us to add more.

译文：
同过去一样，我试图接受George Orwell给的明智建议——“如果你可以想到等效的日常英语词汇就不要用外来词汇、科学词汇或术语。”这并非一件容易的事情。当逻辑学家被教会了argumentum ad hominem, non sequitur, affirming the consequent，诸如此类的术语时，他们会自然而然地想要去用它们。这些深入骨髓的论据总会把它们强加给我们：比如“这些是最简洁的术语。不要成为娇声惯养的一员，并剥夺他们的学生。”在意志力薄弱的时候，我会屈服于这些呼吁。（例如，直到上一个版本，我还应用了术语enthymeme.这是我的过失，又用了。）
但我用它们是因为这些术语的精准性吗？
没有可能是因为我们教授享受炫耀知识或不愿让学生免受我们当年被迫承受的挣扎？（我们受过，所以他们也应当承受）？
在我看来现代文化已经给了在批判性思考方面给了我们太多阻碍，而不能继续再增加了。

疑难杂句：
Arguments for doing so urge themselves upon us: for example, “These are the most precise terms. Don’t join the ranks of the coddlers and deprive students of them.
** succumb** 英 [sə'kʌm] 美 [sə ə'kʌm] vi. 屈服；死；被压垮
mea culpa 英 ['mi:ə'kʌlpə] 我应负的责任；我的过失
parade 英 [pə'reɪd] 美 [pə'red]
n. 游行；阅兵；炫耀；行进；阅兵场v. 游行；炫耀；列队行进
spare sb. sth.使某人幸免于……
** It seems to me ** 在我看来

Is it possible to carry this plain language commitment too far? Yes, and some will think I have done so in avoiding the term inferences and speaking instead of conclusions. But I respectfully disagree. Lexicographers point out that the distinction between these terms is extremely subtle, so it seems more reasonable not to devote time to it. Also, I avoid using the term values whenever possible for a somewhat different reason. The word value is so associated with relativism that its use in this context can undermine the crucial idea that arguments differ in quality. For many students, the word value triggers the thought, “Everyone has a right to his or her values; mine are right for me, and though they may need ‘clarification’ from time to time, they are never to be questioned.” This thought impedes critical thinking.

译文：
有可能恪守这种平白语言的承诺到很远处吗？
是，而且有人认为我在避免术语推理及用说代替结论方面这么做了；但恕难同意。
词典学家指出这些术语之间的差别是很微小的，所以不用它们似乎更为合理。同样，任何可能的时候会因为一些不同的理由，我会避免使用术语values（价值观）. Value 在相对论情境中使用会削弱批判性思维，它和相对论关联如此之大，以至论据质量上是存在差异。对于许多学生来说，value这个词是会触发这么一个想法“每一个人都有一个价值观；对我自己而言我的是正确的，尽管它们可能需要不时澄清，但从来无需置疑”。这种想法会阻碍批判性思考。

疑难杂句：
Is it possible to carry this plain language commitment too far?
The word value is so associated with relativism that its use in this context can undermine the crucial idea that arguments differ in quality.

** lexicographer** 英 [,leksɪ'kɒgrəfə] 美 [,lɛksɪ'kɑɡrəfɚ] n. 词典编纂者
** relativism** 英 ['relətɪvɪz(ə)m] 美 ['rɛlətɪvɪzəm] n. 相对主义；相对论

Acknowledgments

I wish to express my appreciation to all those who contributed to the preparation of this edition. Special thanks to those who reviewed the manuscript:

Anna Villegas, San Joaquin Delta College;
Aimee Bissonette, Inver Hills Community College;
James Kruser, Alfred State College;
Sue Crowson, Del Mar College;
Erin Murphy, University of Kentucky;
Adrian Patten, University of Cincinnati;
Dedaimia Storrs Whitney, Franklin College;
Lisa Weisman-Davlantes, California State–Fullerton;
Geoffrey Phillip Bellah, Orange Coast College;
Karen Hoffman, Hood College;
Aimee Ross-Kilroy, Loyola Marymount University;
Deanna Davis, College of the Canyons

I am also grateful to John Augustine, Delta College; Lori Ebert, International Institute of the Americas; John Garcia, Cerro Coso Community College; Michael Small, Shasta College; Joel Brouwer, Montcalm Community College; Cynthia Gobatie, Riverside Community College; Anne Benvennti, Cerro Coso College; Fred Heifner Jr., Cumberland University; and Phyllis Toy, University of Southern Indiana.

译文：

致谢

我想对所有为这次出版做出贡献的人表示感激，尤其要感谢这些修订者：
Anna Villegas, San Joaquin Delta College;
Aimee Bissonette, Inver Hills Community College;
James Kruser, Alfred State College;
Sue Crowson, Del Mar College;
Erin Murphy, University of Kentucky;
Adrian Patten, University of Cincinnati;
Dedaimia Storrs Whitney, Franklin College;
Lisa Weisman-Davlantes, California State–Fullerton;
Geoffrey Phillip Bellah, Orange Coast College;
Karen Hoffman, Hood College;
Aimee Ross-Kilroy, Loyola Marymount University;
Deanna Davis, College of the Canyons

我同样也非常感谢以下学者的付出：
John Augustine, Delta College;
Lori Ebert, International Institute of the Americas;
John Garcia, Cerro Coso Community College;
Michael Small, Shasta College;
Joel Brouwer, Montcalm Community College;
Cynthia Gobatie, Riverside Community College;
Anne Benvennti, Cerro Coso College;
Fred Heifner Jr., Cumberland University;
Phyllis Toy, University of Southern Indiana.