Linux系统环境
[root@mysql ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release #==》系统版本
CentOS release 6.7 (Final)
[root@mysql ~]# uname –r #==》内核版本
2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64
[root@mysql ~]# uname -m #==》系统架构
x86_64
[root@mysql ~]# echo $LANG #==》系统字符集
en_US.UTF-8
[root@mysql ~]# mysql –V #==》MySQL版本
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.5.32, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1
MySQL配置文件
提示:/application/mysql是MySQL程序目录
#==》MySQL启动脚本,一般复制到/etc/init.d/mysqld
/application/mysql/support-files/mysql.server
#==》MySQL主配置文件,一 般复制到/etc/my.cnf
/application/mysql/support-files/my-small.cnf /etc/my.cnf
#==》MySQL所有二进制命令存放目录,可复制到/usr/local/sbin目录下或者添加环境变量
/application/mysql/bin/
#==》MySQL错误日志
/application/mysql/data/ MySQL01.err
#==》MySQL默认端口 3306
[root@mysql ~]# netstat -tlunp | grep 3306
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 4780/mysqld
#==》MySQL套接字文件sock
/application/mysql-5.5.32/tmp/mysql.sock
mysqldump简介
mysqldump命令是MySQL数据库自带的一个备份命令,它支持数据库全备也可以指定库进行备份,它备份的文件以文件形式备份并且文件内容都是SQL语句。
mysqldump语法格式
mysqldump [options] –u 用户名 -p 密码 数据库名 > 备份的文件
mysqldump [options]参数
1、-A , --all-databases #==》备份所有数据库
2、 -B, --databases #==》表示指定备份多个库,同时执行了use db和create databases db命令
3、--compact #==》去掉输出注释,适合调试输出使用,生产不可用
4、-F , --flush-logs #==》刷新binlog日志
5、-d #==》只备份表结构
6、-t #==》只备份表数据
7、-l #==》指定表上锁,让用户不能访问写入数据库指定表的数据
8、-x , --lock-all-tables #==》所有表上锁
9、--master-data #==》增加binlog日志文件名及对应的位置记录点
(1)、--master-data=1 #==》不注释位置记录点信息,从库会使用到
(2)、--master-data=2 #==》注释位置记录点信息
10、--single-transaction #==》应答innodb事务数据库备份
11、--events #==》转储事件,把events警告事件取消显示
12、--flush-privileges #==》刷新数据库更新
MySQL全备数据命令(推荐)
#==》适合MyISAM引擎
mysqldump -uroot -p'123456' --all-databases --flush-privileges –-lock-all-tables \
--master-data=1 --flush-logs --triggers --routines --events \
--hex-blob > /opt/mysql_bak.sql
#==》适合InnoDB引擎
mysqldump -uroot -p'123456' --all-databases --flush-privileges --single-transaction \
--master-data=1 --flush-logs --triggers --routines --events \
--hex-blob > /opt/mysql_bak.sql
一、mysqldump备份单个数据库(不加任何参数)
标注:如果出现乱码,需要确认字符集是否统一(包括ssh远程工具设置成utf8字符集)
mysql> show variables like 'character_set%';
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| character_set_client | utf8 |
| character_set_connection | utf8 |
| character_set_database | utf8 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | utf8 |
| character_set_server | utf8 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /application/mysql-5.5.32/share/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "select * from testdb.student;"
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | xiaoming |
| 2 | oldboy |
| 3 | 张三 |
| 4 | 李四 |
+----+----------+
#==》MySQL备份操作
[root@mysql ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p'123456' testdb > /opt/mysql_bak.sql
[root@mysql ~]# ls -l /opt/mysql_bak.sql
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1876 Aug 1 09:59 /opt/mysql_bak.sql
[root@mysql ~]# grep -Ev "#|\*|--|^$" /opt/mysql_bak.sql
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`;
CREATE TABLE `student` (
`id` int(6) NOT NULL,
`name` char(20) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
LOCK TABLES `student` WRITE;
INSERT INTO `student` VALUES (1,'xiaoming'),(2,'oldboy'),(3,'张三'),(4,'李四');
UNLOCK TABLES;
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "drop table testdb.student;"
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "use testdb;show tables;"
#==》MySQL备份操作,必须指定testdb库名并且testdb库要在MySQL数据库存在
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' testdb < /opt/mysql_bak.sql
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "use testdb;show tables;select * from student;"
+------------------+
| Tables_in_testdb |
+------------------+
| student |
+------------------+
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | xiaoming |
| 2 | oldboy |
| 3 | 张三 |
| 4 | 李四 |
+----+----------+
二、mysqldump指定备份多个库(-B参数)
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "show databases;"
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| testdb |
| testdb01 |
+--------------------+
#==》备份多个数据库
[root@mysql ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p'123456' -B testdb testdb01 > /opt/mysql_bak_B.bak
[root@mysql ~]# ls -l /opt/mysql_bak_B.bak
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2168 Aug 1 11:00 /opt/mysql_bak_B.bak
#==》比较加-B参数与不加-B参数的区别
[root@mysql ~]# diff /opt/mysql_bak.sql /opt/mysql_bak_B.bak
18a19,26
> CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `testdb` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */;
>
> USE `testdb`;
> CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `testdb01` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */;
>
> USE `testdb01`;
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "drop database testdb;"
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "drop database testdb01;"
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "show databases;"
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' < /opt/mysql_bak_B.bak #==》恢复数据库
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "show databases;"
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| testdb |
| testdb01 |
+--------------------+
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "select * from testdb.student"
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | xiaoming |
| 2 | oldboy |
| 3 | 张三 |
| 4 | 李四 |
+----+----------+
三、mysqldump压缩备份
#==》未压缩备份
[root@mysql ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p'123456' -B testdb > /opt/mysql_bak.sql
#==》压缩备份
[root@mysql ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p'123456' -B testdb | gzip > /opt/mysql_bak_B.sql.gz
[root@mysql ~]# ls -lrth /opt/
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0K Aug 1 14:01 mysql_bak.sql
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 776 Aug 1 14:01 mysql_bak_B.sql.gz
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "show databases;"
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| testdb01 |
+--------------------+
#==》压缩备份恢复
[root@mysql ~]# gunzip < /opt/mysql_bak_B.sql.gz | mysql -uroot -p'123456'
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "show databases;select * from testdb.student;"
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| testdb |
| testdb01 |
+--------------------+
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | xiaoming |
| 2 | oldboy |
| 3 | 张三 |
| 4 | 李四 |
+----+----------+
四、mysqldump分库压缩备份与恢复(for语句实现)
1、分库压缩备份
[root@mysql ~]# mkdir -p /server/scripts
[root@mysql ~]# vim /server/scripts/MySQL_backup.sh
#!/bin/bash
#Backup MySQL Databases
BakName=$(mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e "show databases;" | grep -Evi "schema|Database")
[ -d /opt ] || mkdir -p /opt
for dbname in $BakName
do
mysqldump -uroot -p'123456' --events -B $dbname | gzip > /opt/${dbname}_backup.sql.gz
done
[root@mysql ~]# chmod 600 /server/scripts/MySQL_backup.sh
[root@mysql ~]# ls -l /server/scripts/MySQL_bak.sh
-rw------- 1 root root 301 Aug 1 16:46 /server/scripts/MySQL_backup.sh
[[root@mysql ~]# sh /server/scripts/MySQL_recover.sh
[root@mysql ~]# ls -l /opt/
total 152
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 144311 Aug 1 17:18 mysql_backup.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 533 Aug 1 17:18 testdb01_backup.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 794 Aug 1 17:18 testdb_backup.sql.gz
2、压缩分库恢复(for语句实现)
[root@mysql ~]# vim /server/scripts/MySQL_recover.sh
#!/bin/bash
#Recover MySQL Databases
BakName=$(ls /opt/*.gz | xargs -n 1 | awk -F "[/_]+" '{print $3}')
for dbname in $BakName
do
gunzip /opt/${dbname}_backup.sql.gz
mysql -uroot -p'123456' < /opt/${dbname}_backup.sql
done
[root@mysql ~]# chmod 600 /server/scripts/MySQL_recover.sh
[root@mysql ~]# ls -l /server/scripts/MySQL_recover.sh
-rw------- 1 root root 235 Aug 1 17:54 /server/scripts/MySQL_recover.sh
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "show databases;"
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| testdb |
| testdb01 |
+--------------------+
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "drop database testdb;"
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "drop database testdb01;"
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "show databases;"
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
[root@mysql ~]# sh /server/scripts/MySQL_recover.sh
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "show databases;"
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| testdb |
| testdb01 |
+--------------------+
五、mysqldump备份表结构
[root@mysql ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p'123456' -d testdb > /opt/testdb_bak.sql
[root@mysql ~]# grep -Ev "#|\*|--|^$" /opt/testdb_bak.sql
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`;
CREATE TABLE `student` (
`id` int(6) NOT NULL,
`name` char(20) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
六、mysqldump备份表数据
[root@mysql ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p'123456' -t testdb > /opt/testdb_bak_data.sql
[root@mysql ~]# grep -Ev "#|\*|--|^$" /opt/testdb_bak_data.sql
LOCK TABLES `student` WRITE;
INSERT INTO `student` VALUES (1,'xiaoming'),(2,'oldboy'),(3,'张三'),(4,'李四');
UNLOCK TABLES;
七、刷新binlog日志(增量备份日志)
[root@mysql ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
log-bin=mysqlbin_log #==》开启增量日志
[root@mysql ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld restart
[root@mysql ~]# ls -l /application/mysql/data/
total 28756
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 18874368 Aug 1 19:01 ibdata1
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Aug 1 19:01 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Jul 22 20:16 ib_logfile1
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Aug 1 17:57 mysql
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 107 Aug 1 19:01 mysqlbin_log.000001
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 22 Aug 1 19:01 mysqlbin_log.index
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 51191 Aug 1 19:01 mysql.err
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 6 Aug 1 19:01 mysql.pid
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jul 24 15:35 performance_schema
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Aug 1 18:05 testdb
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Aug 1 17:57 testdb01
[root@mysql ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p'123456' -A -B -F --events | gzip > /opt/mysql_backup.sql
[root@mysql ~]# ls -l /application/mysql/data/
total 28768
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 18874368 Aug 1 19:03 ibdata1
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Aug 1 19:03 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Jul 22 20:16 ib_logfile1
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Aug 1 17:57 mysql
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 153 Aug 1 19:03 mysqlbin_log.000001
#==》每执行一次刷新binlog,会产生新的binlog日志,以000002开始记录
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 153 Aug 1 19:03 mysqlbin_log.000002
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 153 Aug 1 19:03 mysqlbin_log.000003
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 107 Aug 1 19:03 mysqlbin_log.000004
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 88 Aug 1 19:03 mysqlbin_log.index
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 51191 Aug 1 19:01 mysql.err
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 6 Aug 1 19:01 mysql.pid
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jul 24 15:35 performance_schema
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Aug 1 18:05 testdb
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Aug 1 17:57 testdb01
[root@mysql ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p'123456' -A -B --master-data=1 --events | gzip > /opt/mysql_backup_master.sql
[root@mysql ~]# ls -l /application/mysql/data/
total 28768
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 18874368 Aug 1 19:03 ibdata1
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Aug 1 19:03 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Jul 22 20:16 ib_logfile1
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Aug 1 17:57 mysql
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 153 Aug 1 19:03 mysqlbin_log.000001
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 153 Aug 1 19:03 mysqlbin_log.000002
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 153 Aug 1 19:03 mysqlbin_log.000003
#==》master-data=1会以mysqlbin_log.000004最后一个增量日志开始记录
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 107 Aug 1 19:03 mysqlbin_log.000004
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 88 Aug 1 19:03 mysqlbin_log.index
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 51191 Aug 1 19:01 mysql.err
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 6 Aug 1 19:01 mysql.pid
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jul 24 15:35 performance_schema
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Aug 1 18:05 testdb
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Aug 1 17:57 testdb01
八、使用mysql命令或source命令恢复数据库
1、使用source 命令恢复数据库
mysql> system ls -l /opt/mysql_bak.sql
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 529794 Aug 1 19:29 /opt/mysql_bak.sql
mysql> system ls -l /opt/mysql_bak.sql
2、使用mysql命令恢复数据库
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' < /opt/mysql_bak.sql