PHP 7 新特性

标量类型声明

标量类型声明 有两种模式: 强制 (默认) 和 严格模式。 现在可以使用下列类型参数（无论用强制模式还是严格模式）： 字符串(string), 整数 (int), 浮点数 (float), 以及布尔值 (bool)。它们扩充了PHP5中引入的其他类型：类名，接口，数组和 回调类型。

<?php
// Coercive mode
function sumOfInts(int ...$ints)
{
    return array_sum($ints);
}

var_dump(sumOfInts(2, '3', 4.1));

以上例程会输出：

int(9)

要使用严格模式，一个 declare 声明指令必须放在文件的顶部。这意味着严格声明标量是基于文件可配的。 这个指令不仅影响参数的类型声明，也影响到函数的返回值声明（参见 返回值类型声明, 内置的PHP函数以及扩展中加载的PHP函数）

返回值类型声明

PHP 7 增加了对返回类型声明的支持。 类似于参数类型声明，返回类型声明指明了函数返回值的类型。可用的类型与参数声明中可用的类型相同。

<?php

function arraysSum(array ...$arrays): array
{
    return array_map(function(array $array): int {
        return array_sum($array);
    }, $arrays);
}

print_r(arraysSum([1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]));

以上例程会输出：

Array
(
    [0] => 6
    [1] => 15
    [2] => 24
)

完整的标量类型声明文档和示例可参见 返回值类型声明.

null合并运算符

由于日常使用中存在大量同时使用三元表达式和 isset()的情况， 我们添加了null合并运算符 (??) 这个语法糖。如果变量存在且值不为NULL， 它就会返回自身的值，否则返回它的第二个操作数。

<?php
// Fetches the value of $_GET['user'] and returns 'nobody'
// if it does not exist.
$username = $_GET['user'] ?? 'nobody';
// This is equivalent to:
$username = isset($_GET['user']) ? $_GET['user'] : 'nobody';

// Coalesces can be chained: this will return the first
// defined value out of $_GET['user'], $_POST['user'], and
// 'nobody'.
$username = $_GET['user'] ?? $_POST['user'] ?? 'nobody';
?>

太空船操作符（组合比较符）

太空船操作符用于比较两个表达式。当$a小于、等于或大于$b时它分别返回-1、0或1。 比较的原则是沿用 PHP 的常规比较规则进行的。

<?php
// Integers
echo 1 <=> 1; // 0
echo 1 <=> 2; // -1
echo 2 <=> 1; // 1

// Floats
echo 1.5 <=> 1.5; // 0
echo 1.5 <=> 2.5; // -1
echo 2.5 <=> 1.5; // 1
 
// Strings
echo "a" <=> "a"; // 0
echo "a" <=> "b"; // -1
echo "b" <=> "a"; // 1
?>

通过 define() 定义常量数组

Array 类型的常量现在可以通过 define() 来定义。在 PHP5.6 中仅能通过 const 定义。

<?php
define('ANIMALS', [
    'dog',
    'cat',
    'bird'
]);

echo ANIMALS[1]; // outputs "cat"
?>

匿名类

现在支持通过new class 来实例化一个匿名类，这可以用来替代一些“用后即焚”的完整类定义。

<?php
interface Logger {
    public function log(string $msg);
}

class Application {
    private $logger;

    public function getLogger(): Logger {
         return $this->logger;
    }

    public function setLogger(Logger $logger) {
         $this->logger = $logger;
    }
}

$app = new Application;
$app->setLogger(new class implements Logger {
    public function log(string $msg) {
        echo $msg;
    }
});

var_dump($app->getLogger());
?>

以上例程会输出：

object(class@anonymous)#2 (0) {
}

详细文档可以参考 匿名类.

Unicode codepoint 转译语法

这接受一个以16进制形式的 Unicode codepoint，并打印出一个双引号或heredoc包围的 UTF-8 编码格式的字符串。 可以接受任何有效的 codepoint，并且开头的 0 是可以省略的。

echo "\u{aa}";
echo "\u{0000aa}";
echo "\u{9999}";

Closure::call()

Closure::call() 现在有着更好的性能，简短干练的暂时绑定一个方法到对象上闭包并调用它。

<?php
class A {private $x = 1;}

// Pre PHP 7 code
$getXCB = function() {return $this->x;};
$getX = $getXCB->bindTo(new A, 'A'); // intermediate closure
echo $getX();

// PHP 7+ code
$getX = function() {return $this->x;};
echo $getX->call(new A);

以上例程会输出：

1
1

为unserialize()提供过滤

这个特性旨在提供更安全的方式解包不可靠的数据。它通过白名单的方式来防止潜在的代码注入。

<?php

// converts all objects into __PHP_Incomplete_Class object
$data = unserialize($foo, ["allowed_classes" => false]);

// converts all objects into __PHP_Incomplete_Class object except those of MyClass and MyClass2
$data = unserialize($foo, ["allowed_classes" => ["MyClass", "MyClass2"]);

// default behaviour (same as omitting the second argument) that accepts all classes
$data = unserialize($foo, ["allowed_classes" => true]);

IntlChar

新增加的 IntlChar 类旨在暴露出更多的 ICU 功能。这个类自身定义了许多静态方法用于操作多字符集的 unicode 字符。

<?php

printf('%x', IntlChar::CODEPOINT_MAX);
echo IntlChar::charName('@');
var_dump(IntlChar::ispunct('!'));

以上例程会输出：

10ffff
COMMERCIAL AT
bool(true)

若要使用此类，请先安装Intl扩展

预期

预期是向后兼用并增强之前的 assert() 的方法。 它使得在生产环境中启用断言为零成本，并且提供当断言失败时抛出特定异常的能力。

老版本的API出于兼容目的将继续被维护，assert()现在是一个语言结构，它允许第一个参数是一个表达式，而不仅仅是一个待计算的 string或一个待测试的boolean。

<?php
ini_set('assert.exception', 1);

class CustomError extends AssertionError {}

assert(false, new CustomError('Some error message'));
?>

以上例程会输出：

Fatal error: Uncaught CustomError: Some error message

关于这个特性的完整说明，包括如何在开发和生产环境中配置它，可以在assert()的 expectations section章节找到。

Group use declarations

从同一 namespace 导入的类、函数和常量现在可以通过单个 use 语句 一次性导入了。

<?php

// Pre PHP 7 code
use some\namespace\ClassA;
use some\namespace\ClassB;
use some\namespace\ClassC as C;

use function some\namespace\fn_a;
use function some\namespace\fn_b;
use function some\namespace\fn_c;

use const some\namespace\ConstA;
use const some\namespace\ConstB;
use const some\namespace\ConstC;

// PHP 7+ code
use some\namespace\{ClassA, ClassB, ClassC as C};
use function some\namespace\{fn_a, fn_b, fn_c};
use const some\namespace\{ConstA, ConstB, ConstC};
?>

Generator Return Expressions

This feature builds upon the generator functionality introduced into PHP 5.5. It enables for a return statement to be used within a generator to enable for a final expression to be returned (return by reference is not allowed). This value can be fetched using the new Generator::getReturn() method, which may only be used once the generator has finishing yielding values.

<?php

$gen = (function() {
    yield 1;
    yield 2;

    return 3;
})();

foreach ($gen as $val) {
    echo $val, PHP_EOL;
}

echo $gen->getReturn(), PHP_EOL;

以上例程会输出：

1
2
3

Being able to explicitly return a final value from a generator is a handy ability to have. This is because it enables for a final value to be returned by a generator (from perhaps some form of coroutine computation) that can be specifically handled by the client code executing the generator. This is far simpler than forcing the client code to firstly check whether the final value has been yielded, and then if so, to handle that value specifically.

Generator delegation

Generators can now delegate to another generator, Traversable object or array automatically, without needing to write boilerplate in the outermost generator by using the yield from construct.

<?php

function gen()
{
    yield 1;
    yield 2;

    yield from gen2();
}

function gen2()
{
    yield 3;
    yield 4;
}

foreach (gen() as $val)
{
    echo $val, PHP_EOL;
}

?>

以上例程会输出：

1
2
3
4

Integer division with intdiv()

The new intdiv() function performs an integer division of its operands and returns it.

<?php

var_dump(intdiv(10, 3));
?>

以上例程会输出：

int(3)

Session options

session_start() now accepts an array of options that override the session configuration directives normally set in php.ini.

These options have also been expanded to support session.lazy_write, which is on by default and causes PHP to only overwrite any session file if the session data has changed, and read_and_close, which is an option that can only be passed to session_start() to indicate that the session data should be read and then the session should immediately be closed unchanged.

For example, to set session.cache_limiter to private and immediately close the session after reading it:

<?php
session_start([
    'cache_limiter' => 'private',
    'read_and_close' => true,
]);
?>

preg_replace_callback_array()

The new preg_replace_callback_array() function enables code to be written more cleanly when using the preg_replace_callback() function. Prior to PHP 7, callbacks that needed to be executed per regular expression required the callback function to be polluted with lots of branching.

Now, callbacks can be registered to each regular expression using an associative array, where the key is a regular expression and the value is a callback.

CSPRNG Functions

Two new functions have been added to generate cryptographically secure integers and strings in a cross platform way: random_bytes() and random_int().

list() can always unpack objects implementing ArrayAccess

Previously, list() was not guaranteed to operate correctly with objects implementing ArrayAccess. This has been fixed.