Spring MVC配置
首先来看看我们在使用 Spring + Spring MVC 框架开发的时候是如何配置的。
在Web容器中使用Spring MVC，配置如下：
- 在web.xml中配置
org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener及初始化参数 - 在web.xml中配置
org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet及初始化参数
web.xml
<display-name>SpringMVC Demo</display-name>
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:applicationContext.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>DispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:spring-mvc.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>DispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
在web.xml配置文件中，有两个主要的配置：ContextLoaderListener和DispatcherServlet。同样的关于spring配置文件的相关配置也有两部分：context-param和DispatcherServlet中的init-param。
这些配置大家应该是司空见惯了，但是大家有没有思考过这些问题：
- web环境中，Spring IOC容器是怎样被创建的？
- web环境中，Spring IoC容器是怎么启动呢？
- web环境中的Spring IoC容器的结构又是什么样呢？
在Spring MVC中，Spring Context是以父子的继承结构存在的。Web环境中存在一个ROOT Context，这个Context是整个应用的根上下文，是其他context的父Context。同时Spring MVC也对应的持有一个独立的Context，它是ROOT Context的子上下文。
Spring MVC启动过程大致分为两个过程：
- ContextLoaderListener初始化，实例化IoC容器，并将此容器实例注册到ServletContext中；
- DispatcherServlet 初始化；
下面会结合Spring Framework 源码来分析Spring MVC整个启动过程，Spring Framework 版本号为 4.3.3.RELEASE。
Web容器中Spring根上下文的加载与初始化
Spring根上下文（ROOT Context）是在 org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener 中配置的，ContextLoaderListener 读取context-param中的 contextConfigLocation 指定的配置文件 创建ROOT Context。
ContextLoaderListener 源码如下：
package org.springframework.web.context;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextEvent;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextListener;
public class ContextLoaderListener extends ContextLoader implements ServletContextListener {
public ContextLoaderListener() {
}
public ContextLoaderListener(WebApplicationContext context) {
super(context);
}
/**
* Initialize the root web application context.
*/
@Override
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event) {
initWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext());
}
/**
* Close the root web application context.
*/
@Override
public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent event) {
closeWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext());
ContextCleanupListener.cleanupAttributes(event.getServletContext());
}
}
其中，WebApplicationContext 源码如下：
package org.springframework.web.context;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
public interface WebApplicationContext extends ApplicationContext {
String ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE = WebApplicationContext.class.getName() + ".ROOT";
ServletContext getServletContext();
}
Web容器调用 ContextLoaderListener 的 contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event)方法，在此方法中，ContextLoaderListener通过调用继承自 org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader 的 initWebApplicationContext(ServletContext servletContext) 方法实例化 根上下文，源码如下：
public class ContextLoader {
/**
* The 'current' WebApplicationContext, if the ContextLoader class is
* deployed in the web app ClassLoader itself.
*/
private static volatile WebApplicationContext currentContext;
/**
* The root WebApplicationContext instance that this loader manages.
*/
private WebApplicationContext context;
public WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext(ServletContext servletContext) {
if (servletContext.getAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE) != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException(
"Cannot initialize context because there is already a root application context present - " +
"check whether you have multiple ContextLoader* definitions in your web.xml!");
}
Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(ContextLoader.class);
servletContext.log("Initializing Spring root WebApplicationContext");
if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
logger.info("Root WebApplicationContext: initialization started");
}
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
try {
// Store context in local instance variable, to guarantee that
// it is available on ServletContext shutdown.
if (this.context == null) {
//创建WebApplicationContext
this.context = createWebApplicationContext(servletContext);
}
if (this.context instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) this.context;
if (!cwac.isActive()) {
// The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as
// setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc
if (cwac.getParent() == null) {
// The context instance was injected without an explicit parent ->
// determine parent for root web application context, if any.
ApplicationContext parent = loadParentContext(servletContext);
cwac.setParent(parent);
}
configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac, servletContext);
}
}
//将根上下文放置在servletContext中
servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, this.context);
ClassLoader ccl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
if (ccl == ContextLoader.class.getClassLoader()) {
currentContext = this.context;
}
else if (ccl != null) {
currentContextPerThread.put(ccl, this.context);
}
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Published root WebApplicationContext as ServletContext attribute with name [" +
WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE + "]");
}
if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
long elapsedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
logger.info("Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in " + elapsedTime + " ms");
}
return this.context;
}
catch (RuntimeException ex) {
logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex);
servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, ex);
throw ex;
}
catch (Error err) {
logger.error("Context initialization failed", err);
servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, err);
throw err;
}
}
}
ContextLoader createWebApplicationContext方法 代码如下：
protected WebApplicationContext createWebApplicationContext(ServletContext sc) {
Class<?> contextClass = determineContextClass(sc);
if (!ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.isAssignableFrom(contextClass)) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Custom context class [" + contextClass.getName() +
"] is not of type [" + ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.getName() + "]");
}
return (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);
}
/**
* Return the WebApplicationContext implementation class to use, either the
* default XmlWebApplicationContext or a custom context class if specified.
* @param servletContext current servlet context
* @return the WebApplicationContext implementation class to use
* @see #CONTEXT_CLASS_PARAM
* @see org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext
*/
protected Class<?> determineContextClass(ServletContext servletContext) {
String contextClassName = servletContext.getInitParameter(CONTEXT_CLASS_PARAM);
if (contextClassName != null) {
try {
return ClassUtils.forName(contextClassName, ClassUtils.getDefaultClassLoader());
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException(
"Failed to load custom context class [" + contextClassName + "]", ex);
}
}
else {
contextClassName = defaultStrategies.getProperty(WebApplicationContext.class.getName());
try {
return ClassUtils.forName(contextClassName, ContextLoader.class.getClassLoader());
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException(
"Failed to load default context class [" + contextClassName + "]", ex);
}
}
}
其中，contextClassName = defaultStrategies.getProperty(WebApplicationContext.class.getName());是使用WebApplicationContext 默认实现类org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext。
在 spring-web 的 org.springframework.web.context包下的 ContextLoader.properties文件中配置，如下：
org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext=org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext
ContextLoader configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext 方法如下：
protected void configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac, ServletContext sc) {
if (ObjectUtils.identityToString(wac).equals(wac.getId())) {
// The application context id is still set to its original default value
// -> assign a more useful id based on available information
String idParam = sc.getInitParameter(CONTEXT_ID_PARAM);
if (idParam != null) {
wac.setId(idParam);
}
else {
// Generate default id...
wac.setId(ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ID_PREFIX +
ObjectUtils.getDisplayString(sc.getContextPath()));
}
}
//保存ServletContext的引用到根上下文中
wac.setServletContext(sc);
//这里从web.xml中取得相关的初始化参数
String configLocationParam = sc.getInitParameter(CONFIG_LOCATION_PARAM);
if (configLocationParam != null) {
wac.setConfigLocation(configLocationParam);
}
ConfigurableEnvironment env = wac.getEnvironment();
if (env instanceof ConfigurableWebEnvironment) {
((ConfigurableWebEnvironment) env).initPropertySources(sc, null);
}
customizeContext(sc, wac);
//Spring Root Context初始化
wac.refresh();
}
Spring MVC对应的上下文初始化
Spring MVC中核心的类是 org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet，在 DispatcherServlet 类中完成Spring context的加载与创建，并且能够根据Spring Context的内容将请求分发给各个Controller类。
关于Spring MVC Context的配置文件加载和创建是在 init()方法中进行的，主要的调用顺序是init() --> initServletBean() --> initWebApplicationContext()。
HttpServletBean init方法：
public abstract class HttpServletBean extends HttpServlet
implements EnvironmentCapable, EnvironmentAware {
@Override
public final void init() throws ServletException {
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Initializing servlet '" + getServletName() + "'");
}
// Set bean properties from init parameters.
try {
PropertyValues pvs = new ServletConfigPropertyValues(getServletConfig(), this.requiredProperties);
BeanWrapper bw = PropertyAccessorFactory.forBeanPropertyAccess(this);
ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new ServletContextResourceLoader(getServletContext());
bw.registerCustomEditor(Resource.class, new ResourceEditor(resourceLoader, getEnvironment()));
initBeanWrapper(bw);
bw.setPropertyValues(pvs, true);
}
catch (BeansException ex) {
logger.error("Failed to set bean properties on servlet '" + getServletName() + "'", ex);
throw ex;
}
// Let subclasses do whatever initialization they like.
initServletBean();
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Servlet '" + getServletName() + "' configured successfully");
}
}
}
FrameworkServlet 的 initServletBean()方法：
public abstract class FrameworkServlet extends HttpServletBean implements ApplicationContextAware {
/**
* Overridden method of {@link HttpServletBean}, invoked after any bean properties
* have been set. Creates this servlet's WebApplicationContext.
*/
@Override
protected final void initServletBean() throws ServletException {
getServletContext().log("Initializing Spring FrameworkServlet '" + getServletName() + "'");
if (this.logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
this.logger.info("FrameworkServlet '" + getServletName() + "': initialization started");
}
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
try {
this.webApplicationContext = initWebApplicationContext();
initFrameworkServlet();
}
catch (ServletException ex) {
this.logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex);
throw ex;
}
catch (RuntimeException ex) {
this.logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex);
throw ex;
}
if (this.logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
long elapsedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
this.logger.info("FrameworkServlet '" + getServletName() + "': initialization completed in " +
elapsedTime + " ms");
}
}
}
FrameworkServlet 的 initWebApplicationContext() 方法：
protected WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext() {
//从ServletContext中取得根上下文
WebApplicationContext rootContext =
WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext());
WebApplicationContext wac = null;
if (this.webApplicationContext != null) {
// A context instance was injected at construction time -> use it
wac = this.webApplicationContext;
if (wac instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) wac;
if (!cwac.isActive()) {
// The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as
// setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc
if (cwac.getParent() == null) {
// The context instance was injected without an explicit parent -> set
// the root application context (if any; may be null) as the parent
cwac.setParent(rootContext);
}
configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac);
}
}
}
if (wac == null) {
// No context instance was injected at construction time -> see if one
// has been registered in the servlet context. If one exists, it is assumed
// that the parent context (if any) has already been set and that the
// user has performed any initialization such as setting the context id
wac = findWebApplicationContext();
}
if (wac == null) {
// No context instance is defined for this servlet -> create a local one
wac = createWebApplicationContext(rootContext);
}
if (!this.refreshEventReceived) {
// Either the context is not a ConfigurableApplicationContext with refresh
// support or the context injected at construction time had already been
// refreshed -> trigger initial onRefresh manually here.
onRefresh(wac);
}
if (this.publishContext) {
// Publish the context as a servlet context attribute.
String attrName = getServletContextAttributeName();
getServletContext().setAttribute(attrName, wac);
if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger.debug("Published WebApplicationContext of servlet '" + getServletName() +
"' as ServletContext attribute with name [" + attrName + "]");
}
}
return wac;
}
FrameworkServlet 的 findWebApplicationContext()方法：
protected WebApplicationContext findWebApplicationContext() {
String attrName = getContextAttribute();
if (attrName == null) {
return null;
}
WebApplicationContext wac =
WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext(), attrName);
if (wac == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("No WebApplicationContext found: initializer not registered?");
}
return wac;
}
wac = createWebApplicationContext(rootContext); 如果没有find到 则 创建WebApplicationContext：
/**
* Default context class for FrameworkServlet.
* @see org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext
*/
public static final Class<?> DEFAULT_CONTEXT_CLASS = XmlWebApplicationContext.class;
/** WebApplicationContext implementation class to create */
private Class<?> contextClass = DEFAULT_CONTEXT_CLASS;
protected WebApplicationContext createWebApplicationContext(WebApplicationContext parent) {
return createWebApplicationContext((ApplicationContext) parent);
}
protected WebApplicationContext createWebApplicationContext(ApplicationContext parent) {
Class<?> contextClass = getContextClass();
if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger.debug("Servlet with name '" + getServletName() +
"' will try to create custom WebApplicationContext context of class '" +
contextClass.getName() + "'" + ", using parent context [" + parent + "]");
}
if (!ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.isAssignableFrom(contextClass)) {
throw new ApplicationContextException(
"Fatal initialization error in servlet with name '" + getServletName() +
"': custom WebApplicationContext class [" + contextClass.getName() +
"] is not of type ConfigurableWebApplicationContext");
}
ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac =
(ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);
wac.setEnvironment(getEnvironment());
wac.setParent(parent);
wac.setConfigLocation(getContextConfigLocation());
configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(wac);
return wac;
}
/**
* Return the custom context class.
*/
public Class<?> getContextClass() {
return this.contextClass;
}
Spring MVC Context 初始化：
protected void configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac) {
if (ObjectUtils.identityToString(wac).equals(wac.getId())) {
// The application context id is still set to its original default value
// -> assign a more useful id based on available information
if (this.contextId != null) {
wac.setId(this.contextId);
}
else {
// Generate default id...
wac.setId(ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ID_PREFIX +
ObjectUtils.getDisplayString(getServletContext().getContextPath()) + "/" + getServletName());
}
}
wac.setServletContext(getServletContext());
wac.setServletConfig(getServletConfig());
wac.setNamespace(getNamespace());
wac.addApplicationListener(new SourceFilteringListener(wac, new ContextRefreshListener()));
// The wac environment's #initPropertySources will be called in any case when the context
// is refreshed; do it eagerly here to ensure servlet property sources are in place for
// use in any post-processing or initialization that occurs below prior to #refresh
ConfigurableEnvironment env = wac.getEnvironment();
if (env instanceof ConfigurableWebEnvironment) {
((ConfigurableWebEnvironment) env).initPropertySources(getServletContext(), getServletConfig());
}
postProcessWebApplicationContext(wac);
applyInitializers(wac);
wac.refresh();
}
通过initWebApplicationContext方法的调用，创建了DispatcherServlet对应的context，并将其放置到ServletContext中，这样就完成了在web容器中构建Spring IoC容器的过程。
Spring MVC 中ContextLoaderListener、DispacherServlet、WebApplicationContext、ServletContext的关系
要想很好理解这三个上下文的关系，需要先熟悉Spring是怎样在web容器中启动起来的。Spring的启动过程其实就是其IOC容器的启动过程，对于web程序，IOC容器启动过程即是建立上下文的过程。
Spring MVC 的启动过程：
首先，对于一个web应用，其部署在web容器中，web容器提供其一个全局的上下文环境，这个上下文就是ServletContext，其为后面的spring IoC容器提供宿主环境；
其次，在web.xml中会提供有ContextLoaderListener。在web容器启动时，会触发容器初始化事件，此时ContextLoaderListener会监听到这个事件，其contextInitialized方法会被调用，在这个方法中，Spring会初始化一个启动上下文，这个上下文被称为根上下文，即WebApplicationContext，这是一个接口类，确切的说，其实际的实现类是XmlWebApplicationContext。这个就是Spring的IoC容器，其对应的Bean定义的配置由web.xml中的context-param标签指定。在这个IoC容器初始化完毕后，Spring以WebApplicationContext.ROOTWEBAPPLICATIONCONTEXTATTRIBUTE为属性Key，将其存储到ServletContext中，便于获取；
ContextLoaderListener 监听器初始化完毕后，开始初始化web.xml中配置的Servlet，这个servlet可以配置多个，以最常见的DispatcherServlet为例，这个Servlet实际上是一个标准的前端控制器，用以转发、匹配、处理每个servlet请求。DispatcherServlet上下文在初始化的时候会建立自己的IoC上下文，用以持有spring mvc相关的bean。在建立DispatcherServlet自己的IoC上下文时，会利用WebApplicationContext.ROOTWEBAPPLICATIONCONTEXTATTRIBUTE先从ServletContext中获取之前的 根上下文(即WebApplicationContext)作为自己上下文的parent上下文。有了这个parent上下文之后，再初始化自己持有的上下文。这个DispatcherServlet初始化自己上下文的工作在其initStrategies方法中可以看到，大概的工作就是初始化处理器映射、视图解析等。这个servlet自己持有的上下文默认实现类也是mlWebApplicationContext。初始化完毕后，Spring也将其存到ServletContext中，以便后续使用。这样每个servlet就持有自己的上下文，即拥有自己独立的bean空间，同时各个servlet共享相同的bean。
ROOT WebApplicationContext 和Spring MVC WebApplicationContext 的关系
ContextLoaderListener中创建ApplicationContext主要用于整个Web应用程序需要共享的一些组件，比如DAO，数据库的ConnectionFactory等。而由DispatcherServlet创建的ApplicationContext主要用于和该Servlet相关的一些组件，比如Controller、ViewResovler等。
对于作用范围而言，在DispatcherServlet中可以引用由ContextLoaderListener所创建的ApplicationContext，而反过来不行。
ContextLoaderListener中创建ApplicationContext主要用于整个Web应用程序需要共享的一些组件，比如DAO，数据库的ConnectionFactory等。而由DispatcherServlet创建的ApplicationContext主要用于和该Servlet相关的一些组件，比如Controller、ViewResovler等。
对于作用范围而言，在DispatcherServlet中可以引用由ContextLoaderListener所创建的ApplicationContext，而反过来不行。
