Summary：
This distinction between knowledge and skills lies at the heart of the difference between traditional paths toward expertise and the deliberate-practice approach.
In many cases, we tend to focus on knowledge about one field, little or none of which will have direct application to the skills required in real professional setting.
The general argument has been that the skills can be mastered relatively easily if the knowledge is there.
In the case of medicine, future doctors don’t begin their training in medicine until they enter medical school, and even once they reach that milestone they spend a couple of years in coursework before getting to clinical work.
However, several researchers have examined the benefits of continuing medical education for practicing physicians, and the consensus is that while it is not exactly worthless, it’s not doing much good, either.
Neither doctors nor nurses gain expertise from experience alone even if they are serious about keeping their skills sharp.
So the author believes the best approach will be to develop new skills-based training programs that will supplement or completely replace the knowledge-based approaches that are the norm now in many places.
One finding has much broader relevance in particular. 有广泛的意义
Now the distinction between a fine and a fee is relevant to the debate over how to reduce greenhouse gases and carbon emissions.
The ability—to recognize unexpected situations, quickly consider various possible responses, and decide on the best one—is important.
同义替换：may have to immediately determine the best actions in response to an unexpected attack or other unforeseen event；detect when something is wrong and adapt accordingly.
感悟：知识是很重要，但练习的作用不可替代。知识和经验能让我们在巨人的肩膀上看得更远，但想想，我们的祖先正是从实践中获得了真知。现在提倡的匠人精神，就是在强调我们在think out of the box 的同时，也不能忘记，我们赖以生存的技能是靠汗水和练习锻造，当然，其中我们尤其提倡刻意练习。
The knowledge helped,but only to the extent that Dario had a better idea of how to practice in order to develop the skill.
1.to the extent of
so strongly that
•Some people hold their beliefs very strongly, even to the extent of being prepared to go to prison for them.甚至到了...地步
2.to the same extent
to the same degree as; as much as
•The rich will not benefit from the proposed changes to the tax system to the same extent as the lower paid. 和...所...的一样
3.to the extent that 到了...地步
to a particular degree or stage, often causing particular results
•Sales have fallen badly this year, to the extent that we will have to close some people with the same qualities of our shops.
4.to what extent?
how much
•To what extent will the budget have to be modified?
•To what extent do you think he's aware of the problem?
5.to some extent
partly
•To some extent, she was responsible for the accident.
6.to such an extent
so much 到了...地步
•The car was damaged to such an extent that it couldn't be repaired.
As is the case in so many situations, once you have figured out the right question to ask, you are halfway to the right answer.
paradigm shift
■when the usual and accepted way of doing or thinking about something is changed 行为（或思维）方式的改变，范式转移
interactive component—role-play, discussion groups, case
solving, hands-on training, and the like.
Once new doctors have reached this stage, they go to work as full-fledged physicians with the assumption that they’ve developed all the skills they need to treat patients effectively.
fully-fledged
(US full-fledged)
■completely developed or trained充分发展的；经过全面训练的；成熟的
•What started as a small business is now afully-fledged company.当初的小公司现在已经是一家成熟的公司了。
•After years of study, Tim is now afully-fledged architect.经过多年的学习之后，蒂姆现在已经是一位成熟的建筑师了
