一: iOS Block的基本概念
1.1 概述
代码块Block是苹果在iOS4开始引入的对C语言的扩展,用来实现匿名函数的特性,Block是一种特殊的数据类型,其可以正常定义变量、作为参数、作为返回值,特殊地,Block还可以保存一段代码,在需要的时候调用,目前Block已经广泛应用于iOS开发中,常用于 GCD、动画、排序及各类回调
Block的声明与赋值只是保存了一段代码段,必须调用才能执行内部代码
1.2: Block变量的声明、赋值与调用
1.2.1: Block变量的声明
Block变量的声明格式为: 返回值类型(^Block名字)(参数列表);
// 声明一个无返回值,参数为两个字符串对象,叫做aBlock的Block
void(^aBlock)(NSString *x, NSString *y);
// 形参变量名称可以省略,只留有变量类型即可
void(^aBlock)(NSString *, NSString *);
注: ^被称作"脱字符"
1.2.2: Block变量的赋值
Block变量的赋值格式为: Block变量 = ^(参数列表){函数体};
aBlock = ^(NSString *x, NSString *y){
NSLog(@"%@ love %@", x, y);
};
注: Block变量的赋值格式可以是: Block变量 = ^返回值类型(参数列表){函数体};,不过通常情况下都将返回值类型省略,因为编译器可以从存储代码块的变量中确定返回值的类型
1.2.3: 声明Block变量的同时进行赋值
int(^myBlock)(int) = ^(int num){
return num * 7;
};
// 如果没有参数列表,在赋值时参数列表可以省略
void(^aVoidBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"I am a aVoidBlock");
};
1.2.4: Block变量的调用
// 调用后控制台输出"Li Lei love Han Meimei"
aBlock(@"Li Lei",@"Han Meimei");
// 调用后控制台输出"result = 63"
NSLog(@"result = %d", myBlock(9));
// 调用后控制台输出"I am a aVoidBlock"
aVoidBlock();
1.3: 使用typedef定义Block类型
在实际使用Block的过程中,我们可能需要重复地声明多个相同返回值相同参数列表的Block变量,如果总是重复地编写一长串代码来声明变量会非常繁琐,所以我们可以使用typedef来定义Block类型
// 定义一种无返回值无参数列表的Block类型
typedef void(^SayHello)();
// 我们可以像OC中声明变量一样使用Block类型SayHello来声明变量
SayHello hello = ^(){
NSLog(@"hello");
};
// 调用后控制台输出"hello"
hello();
1.4: Block作为函数参数
1.4.1: Block作为C函数参数
// 1.定义一个形参为Block的C函数
void useBlockForC(int(^aBlock)(int, int))
{
NSLog(@"result = %d", aBlock(300,200));
}
// 2.声明并赋值定义一个Block变量
int(^addBlock)(int, int) = ^(int x, int y){
return x+y;
};
// 3.以Block作为函数参数,把Block像对象一样传递
useBlockForC(addBlock);
// 将第2点和第3点合并一起,以内联定义的Block作为函数参数
useBlockForC(^(int x, int y) {
return x+y;
});
1.4.2: Block作为OC函数参数
// 1.定义一个形参为Block的OC函数
- (void)useBlockForOC:(int(^)(int, int))aBlock
{
NSLog(@"result = %d", aBlock(300,200));
}
// 2.声明并赋值定义一个Block变量
int(^addBlock)(int, int) = ^(int x, int y){
return x+y;
};
// 3.以Block作为函数参数,把Block像对象一样传递
[self useBlockForOC:addBlock];
// 将第2点和第3点合并一起,以内联定义的Block作为函数参数
[self useBlockForOC:^(int x, int y){
return x+y;
}];
1.4.3: 使用typedef简化Block
// 1.使用typedef定义Block类型
typedef int(^MyBlock)(int, int);
// 2.定义一个形参为Block的OC函数
- (void)useBlockForOC:(MyBlock)aBlock
{
NSLog(@"result = %d", aBlock(300,200));
}
// 3.声明并赋值定义一个Block变量
MyBlock addBlock = ^(int x, int y){
return x+y;
};
// 4.以Block作为函数参数,把Block像对象一样传递
[self useBlockForOC:addBlock];
// 将第3点和第4点合并一起,以内联定义的Block作为函数参数
[self useBlockForOC:^(int x, int y){
return x+y;
}];
二:iOS Block内访问局部变量
2.1: Block内 访问局部变量
2.1.1 Block内 访问局部变量
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
NSInteger num = 100;
void (^myBlock)(NSString *) = ^(NSString * str){
NSLog(@"myBlock: %@--%zd", str, num);
};
myBlock(@"block的调用");
}
return 0;
}
输出:
Block的精讲[12769:252530] myBlock: block的调用--100
2.1.2: Block内访问局部变量, 在声明Block之后、调用Block之前对局部变量进行修改,在调用Block时局部变量值是修改之前的旧值
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
NSInteger num = 100;
void (^myBlock)(NSString *) = ^(NSString * str){
NSLog(@"myBlock: %@--%zd", str, num);
};
num = 200;
myBlock(@"block的调用");
NSLog(@"最后面的展示: %zd", num);
}
return 0;
}
输出
Block的精讲[12820:253228] myBlock: block的调用--100
Block的精讲[12820:253228] 最后面的展示: 200
2.1.3: Block内访问局部变量, 在Block中不可以直接修改局部变量
不可以直接修改局部变量
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
NSInteger num = 100;
void (^myBlock)(NSString *) = ^(NSString * str){
num = 99; // 错误错误错误!!!!
NSLog(@"myBlock: %@--%zd", str, num);
};
num = 200;
myBlock(@"block的调用");
NSLog(@"最后面的展示: %zd", num);
}
return 0;
}
2.1.4: 讲OC转化为C++
原理解析,通过clang命令将OC转为C++代码来查看一下Block底层实现,clang命令使用方式为终端使用cd定位到main.m文件所在文件夹,然后利用clang -rewrite-objc main.m将OC转为C++,成功后在main.m同目录下会生成一个main.cpp文件
OC代码如下
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
NSInteger num = 100;
void (^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
};
myBlock();
}
return 0;
}
贴出重点的C++的代码
struct __main_block_impl_0 {
struct __block_impl impl;
struct __main_block_desc_0* Desc;
NSInteger num;
__main_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __main_block_desc_0 *desc, NSInteger _num, int flags=0) : num(_num) {
impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
impl.Flags = flags;
impl.FuncPtr = fp;
Desc = desc;
}
};
static void __main_block_func_0(struct __main_block_impl_0 *__cself) {
NSInteger num = __cself->num; // bound by copy
NSLog((NSString *)&__NSConstantStringImpl__var_folders_wn_z9c5vw_x6h16tszlbnmscg_80000gn_T_main_38e38f_mi_0, num);
}
static struct __main_block_desc_0 {
size_t reserved;
size_t Block_size;
} __main_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0)};
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
/* @autoreleasepool */ { __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool;
NSInteger num = 100;
void (*myBlock)() = ((void (*)())&__main_block_impl_0((void *)__main_block_func_0, &__main_block_desc_0_DATA, num));
((void (*)(__block_impl *))((__block_impl *)myBlock)->FuncPtr)((__block_impl *)myBlock);
}
return 0;
}
static struct IMAGE_INFO { unsigned version; unsigned flag; } _OBJC_IMAGE_INFO = { 0, 2 };
2.2: Block内访问__block修饰的局部变量
- 1: 在局部变量前使用下划线下划线block修饰,在声明Block之后、调用Block之前对局部变量进行修改,在调用Block时局部变量值是修改之后的新值
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
__block NSInteger num = 100;
void (^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
};
num = 2000;
myBlock();
}
return 0;
}
输出:
Block的精讲[13402:269954] myBlock: 2000
- 2: 在局部变量前使用下划线下划线block修饰,在Block中可以直接修改局部变量
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
__block NSInteger num = 100;
void (^myBlock)() = ^{
num = 2000;
NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
};
myBlock();
}
return 0;
}
输出:
Block的精讲[13462:271431] myBlock: 2000
- 3: 原理解析,通过clang命令将OC转为C++代码来查看一下Block底层实现
OC的代码
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
__block NSInteger num = 100;
void (^myBlock)() = ^{
num = 2000;
NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
};
myBlock();
}
return 0;
}
OC的代码转化成C++代码
struct __Block_byref_num_0 {
void *__isa;
__Block_byref_num_0 *__forwarding;
int __flags;
int __size;
NSInteger num;
};
struct __main_block_impl_0 {
struct __block_impl impl;
struct __main_block_desc_0* Desc;
__Block_byref_num_0 *num; // by ref
__main_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __main_block_desc_0 *desc, __Block_byref_num_0 *_num, int flags=0) : num(_num->__forwarding) {
impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
impl.Flags = flags;
impl.FuncPtr = fp;
Desc = desc;
}
};
static void __main_block_func_0(struct __main_block_impl_0 *__cself) {
__Block_byref_num_0 *num = __cself->num; // bound by ref
(num->__forwarding->num) = 2000;
NSLog((NSString *)&__NSConstantStringImpl__var_folders_wn_z9c5vw_x6h16tszlbnmscg_80000gn_T_main_653825_mi_0, (num->__forwarding->num));
}
static void __main_block_copy_0(struct __main_block_impl_0*dst, struct __main_block_impl_0*src) {_Block_object_assign((void*)&dst->num, (void*)src->num, 8/*BLOCK_FIELD_IS_BYREF*/);}
static void __main_block_dispose_0(struct __main_block_impl_0*src) {_Block_object_dispose((void*)src->num, 8/*BLOCK_FIELD_IS_BYREF*/);}
static struct __main_block_desc_0 {
size_t reserved;
size_t Block_size;
void (*copy)(struct __main_block_impl_0*, struct __main_block_impl_0*);
void (*dispose)(struct __main_block_impl_0*);
} __main_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0), __main_block_copy_0, __main_block_dispose_0};
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
/* @autoreleasepool */ { __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool;
__attribute__((__blocks__(byref))) __Block_byref_num_0 num = {(void*)0,(__Block_byref_num_0 *)&num, 0, sizeof(__Block_byref_num_0), 100};
void (*myBlock)() = ((void (*)())&__main_block_impl_0((void *)__main_block_func_0, &__main_block_desc_0_DATA, (__Block_byref_num_0 *)&num, 570425344));
((void (*)(__block_impl *))((__block_impl *)myBlock)->FuncPtr)((__block_impl *)myBlock);
}
return 0;
}
2.3: Block内访问全局变量
- 1: 在Block中可以访问全局变量
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
NSInteger num = 100;
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
void (^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
};
myBlock();
}
return 0;
}
输出:
Block的精讲[13614:275299] myBlock: 100
- 2: 在声明Block之后、调用Block之前对全局变量进行修改,在调用Block时全局变量值是修改之后的新值
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
NSInteger num = 100;
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
void (^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
};
num = 1000;
myBlock();
}
return 0;
}
输出:
Block的精讲[13673:276148] myBlock: 1000
- 3: 在Block中可以直接修改全局变量
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
NSInteger num = 100;
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
void (^myBlock)() = ^{
num = 1000;
NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
};
myBlock();
}
return 0;
}
输出:
Block的精讲[13778:280593] myBlock: 1000
- 4: 通过clang命令将OC转为C++代码来查看一下Block底层实现
OC代码
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
NSInteger num = 100;
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
void (^myBlock)() = ^{
num = 1000;
NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
};
myBlock();
}
return 0;
}
OC代码转成C++代码
NSInteger num = 100;
struct __main_block_impl_0 {
struct __block_impl impl;
struct __main_block_desc_0* Desc;
__main_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __main_block_desc_0 *desc, int flags=0) {
impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
impl.Flags = flags;
impl.FuncPtr = fp;
Desc = desc;
}
};
static void __main_block_func_0(struct __main_block_impl_0 *__cself) {
num = 1000;
NSLog((NSString *)&__NSConstantStringImpl__var_folders_wn_z9c5vw_x6h16tszlbnmscg_80000gn_T_main_a2cd47_mi_0, num);
}
static struct __main_block_desc_0 {
size_t reserved;
size_t Block_size;
} __main_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0)};
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
/* @autoreleasepool */ { __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool;
void (*myBlock)() = ((void (*)())&__main_block_impl_0((void *)__main_block_func_0, &__main_block_desc_0_DATA));
((void (*)(__block_impl *))((__block_impl *)myBlock)->FuncPtr)((__block_impl *)myBlock);
}
return 0;
}
2.4: Block内访问静态变量
- 1: 在Block中可以访问静态变量
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
static NSInteger num = 100;
void (^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
};
myBlock();
}
return 0;
}
输出:
2017-11-09 18:40:08.794090+0800 Block的精讲[14096:290605] myBlock: 100
- 2: 在声明Block之后、调用Block之前对静态变量进行修改,在调用Block时静态变量值是修改之后的新值
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
static NSInteger num = 100;
void (^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
};
num = 200;
myBlock();
}
return 0;
}
输出:
Block的精讲[14147:291526] myBlock: 200
- 3: 在Block中可以直接修改静态变量
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
static NSInteger num = 100;
void (^myBlock)() = ^{
num = 200;
NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
};
myBlock();
}
return 0;
}
输出:
Block的精讲[14187:292213] myBlock: 200
- 4: 通过clang命令将OC转为C++代码来查看一下Block底层实现
OC代码
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
static NSInteger num = 100;
void (^myBlock)() = ^{
num = 200;
NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
};
myBlock();
}
return 0;
}
OC代码转化为C++代码
struct __main_block_impl_0 {
struct __block_impl impl;
struct __main_block_desc_0* Desc;
NSInteger *num;
__main_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __main_block_desc_0 *desc, NSInteger *_num, int flags=0) : num(_num) {
impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
impl.Flags = flags;
impl.FuncPtr = fp;
Desc = desc;
}
};
static void __main_block_func_0(struct __main_block_impl_0 *__cself) {
NSInteger *num = __cself->num; // bound by copy
(*num) = 200;
NSLog((NSString *)&__NSConstantStringImpl__var_folders_wn_z9c5vw_x6h16tszlbnmscg_80000gn_T_main_e06332_mi_0, (*num));
}
static struct __main_block_desc_0 {
size_t reserved;
size_t Block_size;
} __main_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0)};
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
/* @autoreleasepool */ { __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool;
static NSInteger num = 100;
void (*myBlock)() = ((void (*)())&__main_block_impl_0((void *)__main_block_func_0, &__main_block_desc_0_DATA, &num));
((void (*)(__block_impl *))((__block_impl *)myBlock)->FuncPtr)((__block_impl *)myBlock);
}
return 0;
}
三: Block在MRC及ARC下的内存管理
3.1: Block在MRC下的内存管理
3.1.1: 默认情况下,Block的内存存储在栈中,不需要开发人员对其进行内存管理
// 当Block变量出了作用域,Block的内存会被自动释放
void(^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"------");
};
myBlock();
3.1.2: 在Block的内存存储在栈中时,如果在Block中引用了外面的对象,不会对所引用的对象进行任何操作
Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
void(^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"------%@", p);
};
myBlock();
[p release]; // Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
3.1.3: 如果对Block进行一次copy操作,那么Block的内存会被移动到堆中,这时需要开发人员对其进行release操作来管理内存
void(^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"------");
};
myBlock();
Block_copy(myBlock);
// do something ...
Block_release(myBlock);
3.1.4: 如果对Block进行一次copy操作,那么Block的内存会被移动到堆中,在Block的内存存储在堆中时,如果在Block中引用了外面的对象,会对所引用的对象进行一次retain操作,即使在Block自身调用了release操作之后,Block也不会对所引用的对象进行一次release操作,这时会造成内存泄漏
Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
void(^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"------%@", p);
};
myBlock();
Block_copy(myBlock);
// do something ...
Block_release(myBlock);
[p release]; // Person对象在这里无法正常被释放,因为其在Block中被进行了一次retain操作
3.1.5: 如果对Block进行一次copy操作,那么Block的内存会被移动到堆中,在Block的内存存储在堆中时,如果在Block中引用了外面的对象,会对所引用的对象进行一次retain操作,为了不对所引用的对象进行一次retain操作,可以在对象的前面使用下划线下划线block来修饰
__block Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
void(^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"------%@", p);
};
myBlock();
Block_copy(myBlock);
// do something ...
Block_release(myBlock);
[p release]; // Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
3.1.6: 如果对象内部有一个Block属性,而在Block内部又访问了该对象,那么会造成循环引用
情况一
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
@end
@implementation Person
- (void)dealloc
{
NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
Block_release(_myBlock);
[super dealloc];
}
@end
Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
p.myBlock = ^{
NSLog(@"------%@", p);
};
p.myBlock();
[p release]; // 因为myBlock作为Person的属性,采用copy修饰符修饰(这样才能保证Block在堆里面,以免Block在栈中被系统释放),所以Block会对Person对象进行一次retain操作,导致循环引用无法释放
情况二
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
- (void)resetBlock;
@end
@implementation Person
- (void)resetBlock
{
self.myBlock = ^{
NSLog(@"------%@", self);
};
}
- (void)dealloc
{
NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
Block_release(_myBlock);
[super dealloc];
}
@end
Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
[p resetBlock];
[p release]; // Person对象在这里无法正常释放,虽然表面看起来一个alloc对应一个release符合内存管理规则,但是实际在resetBlock方法实现中,Block内部对self进行了一次retain操作,导致循环引用无法释放
3.1.7: 如果对象内部有一个Block属性,而在Block内部又访问了该对象,那么会造成循环引用,解决循环引用的办法是在对象的前面使用下划线下划线block来修饰,以避免Block对对象进行retain操作
情况一
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
@end
@implementation Person
- (void)dealloc
{
NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
Block_release(_myBlock);
[super dealloc];
}
@end
__block Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
p.myBlock = ^{
NSLog(@"------%@", p);
};
p.myBlock();
[p release]; // Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
情况二
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
- (void)resetBlock;
@end
@implementation Person
- (void)resetBlock
{
// 这里为了通用一点,可以使用__block typeof(self) p = self;
__block Person *p = self;
self.myBlock = ^{
NSLog(@"------%@", p);
};
}
- (void)dealloc
{
NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
Block_release(_myBlock);
[super dealloc];
}
@end
Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
[p resetBlock];
[p release]; // Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
3.2: Block在ARC下的内存管理
3.2.1: 在ARC默认情况下,Block的内存存储在堆中,ARC会自动进行内存管理,程序员只需要避免循环引用即可
// 当Block变量出了作用域,Block的内存会被自动释放
void(^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"------");
};
myBlock();
3.2.2: 在Block的内存存储在堆中时,如果在Block中引用了外面的对象,会对所引用的对象进行强引用,但是在Block被释放时会自动去掉对该对象的强引用,所以不会造成内存泄漏
Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
void(^myBlock)() = ^{
NSLog(@"------%@", p);
};
myBlock();
// Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
3.2.3: 如果对象内部有一个Block属性,而在Block内部又访问了该对象,那么会造成循环引用
情况一
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
@end
@implementation Person
- (void)dealloc
{
NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
}
@end
Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
p.myBlock = ^{
NSLog(@"------%@", p);
};
p.myBlock();
// 因为myBlock作为Person的属性,采用copy修饰符修饰(这样才能保证Block在堆里面,以免Block在栈中被系统释放),所以Block会对Person对象进行一次强引用,导致循环引用无法释放
情况二
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
- (void)resetBlock;
@end
@implementation Person
- (void)resetBlock
{
self.myBlock = ^{
NSLog(@"------%@", self);
};
}
- (void)dealloc
{
NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
}
@end
Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
[p resetBlock];
// Person对象在这里无法正常释放,在resetBlock方法实现中,Block内部对self进行了一次强引用,导致循环引用无法释放
3.2.4: 如果对象内部有一个Block属性,而在Block内部又访问了该对象,那么会造成循环引用,解决循环引用的办法是使用一个弱引用的指针指向该对象,然后在Block内部使用该弱引用指针来进行操作,这样避免了Block对对象进行强引用
情况一
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
@end
@implementation Person
- (void)dealloc
{
NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
}
@end
Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
__weak typeof(p) weakP = p;
p.myBlock = ^{
NSLog(@"------%@", weakP);
};
p.myBlock();
// Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
情况二
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
- (void)resetBlock;
@end
@implementation Person
- (void)resetBlock
{
// 这里为了通用一点,可以使用__weak typeof(self) weakP = self;
__weak Person *weakP = self;
self.myBlock = ^{
NSLog(@"------%@", weakP);
};
}
- (void)dealloc
{
NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
}
@end
Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
[p resetBlock];
// Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
3.3: Block在ARC下的内存管理的官方案例
在MRC中,我们从当前控制器采用模态视图方式present进入MyViewController控制器,在Block中会对myViewController进行一次retain操作,造成循环引用
MyViewController *myController = [[MyViewController alloc] init];
// ...
myController.completionHandler = ^(NSInteger result) {
[myController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
};
[self presentViewController:myController animated:YES completion:^{
[myController release];
}];
在MRC中解决循环引用的办法即在变量前使用下划线下划线block修饰,禁止Block对所引用的对象进行retain操作
__block MyViewController *myController = [[MyViewController alloc] init];
// ...
myController.completionHandler = ^(NSInteger result) {
[myController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
};
[self presentViewController:myController animated:YES completion:^{
[myController release];
}];
但是上述方法在ARC下行不通,因为下划线下划线block在ARC中并不能禁止Block对所引用的对象进行强引用,解决办法可以是在Block中将myController置空(为了可以修改myController,还是需要使用下划线下划线block对变量进行修饰)
__block MyViewController *myController = [[MyViewController alloc] init];
// ...
myController.completionHandler = ^(NSInteger result) {
[myController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
myController = nil;
};
[self presentViewController:myController animated:YES completion:^{}];
上述方法确实可以解决循环引用,但是在ARC中还有更优雅的解决办法,新创建一个弱指针来指向该对象,并将该弱指针放在Block中使用,这样Block便不会造成循环引用
MyViewController *myController = [[MyViewController alloc] init];
// ...
__weak MyViewController *weakMyController = myController;
myController.completionHandler = ^(NSInteger result) {
[weakMyController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
};
[self presentViewController:myController animated:YES completion:^{}];
虽然解决了循环引用,但是也容易涉及到另一个问题,因为Block是通过弱引用指向了myController对象,那么有可能在调用Block之前myController对象便已经被释放了,所以我们需要在Block内部再定义一个强指针来指向myController对象
MyViewController *myController = [[MyViewController alloc] init];
// ...
__weak MyViewController *weakMyController = myController;
myController.completionHandler = ^(NSInteger result) {
MyViewController *strongMyController = weakMyController;
if (strongMyController)
{
[strongMyController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
}
else
{
// Probably nothing...
}
};
[self presentViewController:myController animated:YES completion:^{}];
这里需要补充一下,在Block内部定义的变量,会在作用域结束时自动释放,Block对其并没有强引用关系,且在ARC中只需要避免循环引用即可,如果只是Block单方面地对外部变量进行强引用,并不会造成内存泄漏
注: 关于下划线下划线block关键字在MRC和ARC下的不同
__block在MRC下有两个作用
1. 允许在Block中访问和修改局部变量
2. 禁止Block对所引用的对象进行隐式retain操作
__block在ARC下只有一个作用
1. 允许在Block中访问和修改局部变量
3.4: 使用Block进行排序
在开发中,我们一般使用数组的如下两个方法来进行排序
- 不可变数组的方法:
- (NSArray *)sortedArrayUsingComparator:(NSComparator)cmptr - 可变数组的方法 :
- (void)sortUsingComparator:(NSComparator)cmptr
其中, NSComparator是利用typedef定义的Block类型
typedef NSComparisonResult (^NSComparator)(id obj1, id obj2);
其中,这个返回值为NSComparisonResult枚举,这个返回值用来决定Block的两个参数顺序,我们只需在Block中指明不同条件下Block的两个参数的顺序即可,方法内部会将数组中的元素分别利用Block来进行比较并排序
typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, NSComparisonResult)
{
NSOrderedAscending = -1L, // 升序,表示左侧的字符在右侧的字符前边
NSOrderedSame, // 相等
NSOrderedDescending // 降序,表示左侧的字符在右侧的字符后边
};
我们以Person类为例,对Person对象以年龄升序进行排序,具体方法如下
@interface Student : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, assign) int age;
@end
@implementation Student
@end
Student *stu1 = [[Student alloc] init];
stu1.age = 18;
Student *stu2 = [[Student alloc] init];
stu2.age = 28;
Student *stu3 = [[Student alloc] init];
stu3.age = 11;
NSArray *array = @[stu1,stu2,stu3];
array = [array sortedArrayUsingComparator:^NSComparisonResult(id obj1, id obj2) {
Student *stu1 = obj1;
Student *stu2 = obj2;
if (stu1.age > stu2.age)
{
return NSOrderedDescending; // 在这里返回降序,说明在该种条件下,obj1排在obj2的后边
}
else if (stu1.age < stu2.age)
{
return NSOrderedAscending;
}
else
{
return NSOrderedSame;
}
}];
A Short Practical Guide to Blocks
